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  • Authors: Kawthar K, Abla; Mohammed M, Mehanna;

    Central nervous system integrity is the state of brain functioning across sensory, cognitive, emotional-social behaviors, and motor domains, allowing a person to realise his full potential. Thus, brain disorders seriously affect patients' quality of life. Efficient drug delivery to treat brain disorders remains a crucial challenge due to numerous brain barriers, particularly the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which greatly impacts the ultimate drug therapeutic efficacy. Lately, nanocarrier technology has made huge progress in overcoming these barriers by improving drug solubility, ameliorating its retention, reducing its toxicity, and targeting the encapsulated agents to different brain tissues. The current review primarily offers an overview of the different components of BBB and the progress, strategies, and contemporary applications of the nanocarriers, specifically lipid-based nanocarriers (LBNs), in treating various brain disorders.

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  • Authors: W M, SHANKLIN;
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    Stain Technology
    Article . 1961 . Peer-reviewed
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    Stain Technology
    Article . 1961
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      Stain Technology
      Article . 1961 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 1961
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  • Authors: Muhammad Ali, Haidar; Stanley, Ibeh; Zaynab, Shakkour; Mohammad Amine, Reslan; +9 Authors

    :Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain and play a crucial role in housekeeping and maintaining homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. Upon injury or disease, microglial cells become activated, at least partly, via signals initiated by injured neurons. Activated microglia, thereby, contribute to both neuroprotection and neuroinflammation. However, sustained microglial activation initiates a chronic neuroinflammatory response which can disturb neuronal health and disrupt communications between neurons and microglia. Thus, microglia-neuron crosstalk is critical in a healthy brain as well as during states of injury or disease. As most studies focus on how neurons and microglia act in isolation during neurotrauma, there is a need to understand the interplay between these cells in brain pathophysiology. This review highlights how neurons and microglia reciprocally communicate under physiological conditions and during brain injury and disease. Furthermore, the modes of microglia-neuron communication are exposed, focusing on cell-contact dependent signaling and communication by the secretion of soluble factors like cytokines and growth factors. In addition, how microglia-neuron interactions could exert either beneficial neurotrophic effects or pathologic proinflammatory responses are discussed. We further explore how aberrations in microglia-neuron crosstalk may be involved in central nervous system (CNS) anomalies, namely: traumatic brain injury (TBI), neurodegeneration, and ischemic stroke. A clear understanding of how the microglia-neuron crosstalk contributes to the pathogenesis of brain pathologies may offer novel therapeutic avenues of brain trauma treatment.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Hassan Pezeshgi Modarres; Mohsen Janmaleki; Mana Novin; John Saliba; +8 Authors

    The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a crucial role in maintaining brain homeostasis and transport of drugs to the brain. The conventional animal and Transwell BBB models along with emerging microfluidic-based BBB-on-chip systems have provided fundamental functionalities of the BBB and facilitated the testing of drug delivery to the brain tissue. However, developing biomimetic and predictive BBB models capable of reasonably mimicking essential characteristics of the BBB functions is still a challenge. In addition, detailed analysis of the dynamics of drug delivery to the healthy or diseased brain requires not only biomimetic BBB tissue models but also new systems capable of monitoring the BBB microenvironment and dynamics of barrier function and delivery mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in microengineering of BBB models with different functional complexity and mimicking capability of healthy and diseased states. It also discusses new technologies that can make the next generation of biomimetic human BBBs containing integrated biosensors for real-time monitoring the tissue microenvironment and barrier function and correlating it with the dynamics of drug delivery. Such integrated system addresses important brain drug delivery questions related to the treatment of brain diseases. We further discuss how the combination of in vitro BBB systems, computational models and nanotechnology supports for characterization of the dynamics of drug delivery to the brain.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Controlle...arrow_drop_down
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    Journal of Controlled Release
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Controlle...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Controlled Release
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: M Z, Ibrahim; E, Pascoe; M Y, Necco Khayat;

    Abstract The brains of young adult Sprague-Dawley rats were frozen and sectioned in a cryostat, or cut into blocks 2 mm thick, then incubated to demonstrate activities of phosphorylase ( P ase), phosphorylase and branching enzyme ( P ase + B) and glycogen synthetase (GS). The blocks were then embedded in paraffin and sections from them, as well as cryostat sections, were stained with dilute Gram's iodine or alcoholic PAS. Cryostat sections of brains exposed to combined unilateral ischaemia and hypoxia were either treated in the same way or pre-incubated in the medium for P ase lacking substrate and glycogen primer. Results showed that: 1. (1) Controversy over localization of P ase activity in brain is due to the use of various incubation media which, if devoid of ethanol, demonstrate P ase + B rather than P ase activity. 2. (2) Although localization of enzymic activity is sharp in en bloc incubation, it differs from that in cryostat sections and is not present in all cellular elements; the medium even when perfused does not penetrate sufficiently. Localization in cryostat sections is poor but more complete. 3. (3) GS activity can be demonstrated in cryostat and paraffin sections, and like P ase and P ase + B activities has the same distribution as glycogen. 4. (4) From evidence obtained by pre-incubation of ischaemic-hypoxic brain sections and of exhausted cat gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, it was concluded that criticisms directed towards the validity of demonstration of P ase, P ase + B and GS activities by techniques used by Takeuchi and co-workers and others are unwarranted.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of the Neuro...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of the Neurological Sciences
    Article . 1973 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of the Neuro...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of the Neurological Sciences
      Article . 1973 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: K. Suresh Manic; Venkatesan Rajinikanth; Ali Saud Al-Bimani; David Taniar; +1 Authors

    Brain abnormality causes severe human problems, and thorough screening is necessary to identify the disease. In clinics, bio-image-supported brain abnormality screening is employed mainly because of its investigative accuracy compared with bio-signal (EEG)-based practice. This research aims to develop a reliable disease screening framework for the automatic identification of schizophrenia (SCZ) conditions from brain MRI slices. This scheme consists following phases: (i) MRI slices collection and pre-processing, (ii) implementation of VGG16 to extract deep features (DF), (iii) collection of handcrafted features (HF), (iv) mayfly algorithm-supported optimal feature selection, (v) serial feature concatenation, and (vi) binary classifier execution and validation. The performance of the proposed scheme was independently tested with DF, HF, and concatenated features (DF+HF), and the achieved outcome of this study verifies that the schizophrenia screening accuracy with DF+HF is superior compared with other methods. During this work, 40 patients’ brain MRI images (20 controlled and 20 SCZ class) were considered for the investigation, and the following accuracies were achieved: DF provided >91%, HF obtained >85%, and DF+HF achieved >95%. Therefore, this framework is clinically significant, and in the future, it can be used to inspect actual patients’ brain MRI slices.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sensorsarrow_drop_down
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    Sensors
    Other literature type . Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Sensors
    Article . 2022
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    Sensors
    Article . 2022
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      Other literature type . Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2022
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    Authors: Esber Saba; Mona Karout; Leila Nasralla; Firas Kobeissy; +2 Authors

    Abstract Background: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is the most prevalent of all head injuries, and based on the severity of the injury, it may result in chronic neurologic and cognitive deficits. Microglia play an essential role in homeostasis and diseases of the central nervous system. We hypothesize that microglia may play a beneficial or detrimental role in TBI depending on their state of activation and duration.Methods: In the present study, we evaluated whether TBI results in a spatiotemporal change in microglia phenotype and whether it affects sensory-motor or learning and memory functions in male C57BL/6 mice. We used a panel of neurological and behavioral tests and a multi-color flow cytometry-based data analysis followed by unsupervised clustering to evaluate isolated microglia from injured brain tissue. Results: We characterized several microglial phenotypes and their association with cognitive deficits. TBI results in a spatiotemporal increase in highly activated microglia that correlated negatively with spatial learning and memory at 35 days post-injury.Conclusions: These observations could define therapeutic windows and accelerate translational research to improve patient outcomes.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ https://doi.org/10.2...arrow_drop_down
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    https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
    Preprint . 2021
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    https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
    Preprint . 2021
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Clinical Immunology
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
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      Clinical Immunology
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Abdallah, Nassib; Khawandi, Shadi; Daya, Bassam; Chauvet, Pierre;

    International audience; A brain computer interface is an artificial intelligence system that provides the brain with a way to communicate with the outside environment. This paper aims to provide guidelines for biomedical researchers by discussing each phase of the construction of a Brain Computer Interface. It explains invasive and noninvasive BCI. Then, it presents the most commons methods employed for designing a BCI and discusses the artifacts removal. Finally, this paper summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the presented methods and discusses the future steps into this field of research.

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    Authors: Marc, Fakhoury;

    Depression is a severe and chronic mental disorder that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Symptoms include depressed mood, loss of interest, reduced motivation and suicidal thoughts. Even though findings from genetic, molecular and imaging studies have helped provide some clues regarding the mechanisms underlying depression-like behaviors, there are still many unanswered questions that need to be addressed. Optogenetics, a technique developed in the early 2000s, has proved effective in the study and treatment of depression and depression-like behaviors and has revolutionized already known experimental techniques. This technique employs light and genetic tools to either inhibit or excite specific neurons or pathways within the brain. In this review paper, an up-to-date understanding of the use of optogenetics in the study of depression-like behaviors is provided, along with suggestions for future research directions.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Progress in Neuro-Ps...arrow_drop_down
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    Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Progress in Neuro-Ps...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Wissam R, Yamak; Ahmad A, Beydoun; Maya M, Dirani; Hassan A, Toufaili; +2 Authors

    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of occurrence of a unilateral mu rhythm and the associated neuroimaging findings on dedicated epilepsy protocol brain MRI. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the EEG reports database at the American University of Beirut Medical Center between 2011 and 2014 searching for the presence of a unilateral mu rhythm. For patients with a unilateral mu rhythm, we recorded the patients' demographics, number of EEGs performed, characteristics of the mu activity, and the findings on the epilepsy protocol brain MRIs. Results: A total of 7986 patients underwent 9,509 EEG between 2011 and 2014. Four patients (0.05%) aged between 19 and 55 years had evidence of a unilateral mu rhythm. Three patients were diagnosed with localization-related epilepsy and one with syncope. The brain MRIs showed cortical lesions involving the parietal cortex, ipsilateral to the unilateral mu rhythm in the three patients with epilepsy. Conclusions: A unilateral mu rhythm is a rare phenomenon on the scalp EEG that should prompt a search for an ipsilateral lesion, even in the absence of additional EEG abnormalities.

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  • Authors: Kawthar K, Abla; Mohammed M, Mehanna;

    Central nervous system integrity is the state of brain functioning across sensory, cognitive, emotional-social behaviors, and motor domains, allowing a person to realise his full potential. Thus, brain disorders seriously affect patients' quality of life. Efficient drug delivery to treat brain disorders remains a crucial challenge due to numerous brain barriers, particularly the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which greatly impacts the ultimate drug therapeutic efficacy. Lately, nanocarrier technology has made huge progress in overcoming these barriers by improving drug solubility, ameliorating its retention, reducing its toxicity, and targeting the encapsulated agents to different brain tissues. The current review primarily offers an overview of the different components of BBB and the progress, strategies, and contemporary applications of the nanocarriers, specifically lipid-based nanocarriers (LBNs), in treating various brain disorders.

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  • Authors: W M, SHANKLIN;
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    Stain Technology
    Article . 1961 . Peer-reviewed
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    Stain Technology
    Article . 1961
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      Stain Technology
      Article . 1961 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 1961
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  • Authors: Muhammad Ali, Haidar; Stanley, Ibeh; Zaynab, Shakkour; Mohammad Amine, Reslan; +9 Authors

    :Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain and play a crucial role in housekeeping and maintaining homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. Upon injury or disease, microglial cells become activated, at least partly, via signals initiated by injured neurons. Activated microglia, thereby, contribute to both neuroprotection and neuroinflammation. However, sustained microglial activation initiates a chronic neuroinflammatory response which can disturb neuronal health and disrupt communications between neurons and microglia. Thus, microglia-neuron crosstalk is critical in a healthy brain as well as during states of injury or disease. As most studies focus on how neurons and microglia act in isolation during neurotrauma, there is a need to understand the interplay between these cells in brain pathophysiology. This review highlights how neurons and microglia reciprocally communicate under physiological conditions and during brain injury and disease. Furthermore, the modes of microglia-neuron communication are exposed, focusing on cell-contact dependent signaling and communication by the secretion of soluble factors like cytokines and growth factors. In addition, how microglia-neuron interactions could exert either beneficial neurotrophic effects or pathologic proinflammatory responses are discussed. We further explore how aberrations in microglia-neuron crosstalk may be involved in central nervous system (CNS) anomalies, namely: traumatic brain injury (TBI), neurodegeneration, and ischemic stroke. A clear understanding of how the microglia-neuron crosstalk contributes to the pathogenesis of brain pathologies may offer novel therapeutic avenues of brain trauma treatment.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Hassan Pezeshgi Modarres; Mohsen Janmaleki; Mana Novin; John Saliba; +8 Authors

    The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a crucial role in maintaining brain homeostasis and transport of drugs to the brain. The conventional animal and Transwell BBB models along with emerging microfluidic-based BBB-on-chip systems have provided fundamental functionalities of the BBB and facilitated the testing of drug delivery to the brain tissue. However, developing biomimetic and predictive BBB models capable of reasonably mimicking essential characteristics of the BBB functions is still a challenge. In addition, detailed analysis of the dynamics of drug delivery to the healthy or diseased brain requires not only biomimetic BBB tissue models but also new systems capable of monitoring the BBB microenvironment and dynamics of barrier function and delivery mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in microengineering of BBB models with different functional complexity and mimicking capability of healthy and diseased states. It also discusses new technologies that can make the next generation of biomimetic human BBBs containing integrated biosensors for real-time monitoring the tissue microenvironment and barrier function and correlating it with the dynamics of drug delivery. Such integrated system addresses important brain drug delivery questions related to the treatment of brain diseases. We further discuss how the combination of in vitro BBB systems, computational models and nanotechnology supports for characterization of the dynamics of drug delivery to the brain.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Controlle...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Controlled Release
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Controlle...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Controlled Release
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: M Z, Ibrahim; E, Pascoe; M Y, Necco Khayat;

    Abstract The brains of young adult Sprague-Dawley rats were frozen and sectioned in a cryostat, or cut into blocks 2 mm thick, then incubated to demonstrate activities of phosphorylase ( P ase), phosphorylase and branching enzyme ( P ase + B) and glycogen synthetase (GS). The blocks were then embedded in paraffin and sections from them, as well as cryostat sections, were stained with dilute Gram's iodine or alcoholic PAS. Cryostat sections of brains exposed to combined unilateral ischaemia and hypoxia were either treated in the same way or pre-incubated in the medium for P ase lacking substrate and glycogen primer. Results showed that: 1. (1) Controversy over localization of P ase activity in brain is due to the use of various incubation media which, if devoid of ethanol, demonstrate P ase + B rather than P ase activity. 2. (2) Although localization of enzymic activity is sharp in en bloc incubation, it differs from that in cryostat sections and is not present in all cellular elements; the medium even when perfused does not penetrate sufficiently. Localization in cryostat sections is poor but more complete. 3. (3) GS activity can be demonstrated in cryostat and paraffin sections, and like P ase and P ase + B activities has the same distribution as glycogen. 4. (4) From evidence obtained by pre-incubation of ischaemic-hypoxic brain sections and of exhausted cat gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, it was concluded that criticisms directed towards the validity of demonstration of P ase, P ase + B and GS activities by techniques used by Takeuchi and co-workers and others are unwarranted.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of the Neuro...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of the Neurological Sciences
    Article . 1973 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of the Neuro...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of the Neurological Sciences
      Article . 1973 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: K. Suresh Manic; Venkatesan Rajinikanth; Ali Saud Al-Bimani; David Taniar; +1 Authors

    Brain abnormality causes severe human problems, and thorough screening is necessary to identify the disease. In clinics, bio-image-supported brain abnormality screening is employed mainly because of its investigative accuracy compared with bio-signal (EEG)-based practice. This research aims to develop a reliable disease screening framework for the automatic identification of schizophrenia (SCZ) conditions from brain MRI slices. This scheme consists following phases: (i) MRI slices collection and pre-processing, (ii) implementation of VGG16 to extract deep features (DF), (iii) collection of handcrafted features (HF), (iv) mayfly algorithm-supported optimal feature selection, (v) serial feature concatenation, and (vi) binary classifier execution and validation. The performance of the proposed scheme was independently tested with DF, HF, and concatenated features (DF+HF), and the achieved outcome of this study verifies that the schizophrenia screening accuracy with DF+HF is superior compared with other methods. During this work, 40 patients’ brain MRI images (20 controlled and 20 SCZ class) were considered for the investigation, and the following accuracies were achieved: DF provided >91%, HF obtained >85%, and DF+HF achieved >95%. Therefore, this framework is clinically significant, and in the future, it can be used to inspect actual patients’ brain MRI slices.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sensorsarrow_drop_down
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    Sensors
    Other literature type . Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Sensors
    Article . 2022
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    Sensors
    Article . 2022
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      Other literature type . Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Sensors
      Article . 2022
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    Authors: Esber Saba; Mona Karout; Leila Nasralla; Firas Kobeissy; +2 Authors

    Abstract Background: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is the most prevalent of all head injuries, and based on the severity of the injury, it may result in chronic neurologic and cognitive deficits. Microglia play an essential role in homeostasis and diseases of the central nervous system. We hypothesize that microglia may play a beneficial or detrimental role in TBI depending on their state of activation and duration.Methods: In the present study, we evaluated whether TBI results in a spatiotemporal change in microglia phenotype and whether it affects sensory-motor or learning and memory functions in male C57BL/6 mice. We used a panel of neurological and behavioral tests and a multi-color flow cytometry-based data analysis followed by unsupervised clustering to evaluate isolated microglia from injured brain tissue. Results: We characterized several microglial phenotypes and their association with cognitive deficits. TBI results in a spatiotemporal increase in highly activated microglia that correlated negatively with spatial learning and memory at 35 days post-injury.Conclusions: These observations could define therapeutic windows and accelerate translational research to improve patient outcomes.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ https://doi.org/10.2...arrow_drop_down
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    https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
    Preprint . 2021
    License: CC BY
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    https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
    Preprint . 2021
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Clinical Immunology
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
      Preprint . 2021
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      https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
      Preprint . 2021
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      Clinical Immunology
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Abdallah, Nassib; Khawandi, Shadi; Daya, Bassam; Chauvet, Pierre;

    International audience; A brain computer interface is an artificial intelligence system that provides the brain with a way to communicate with the outside environment. This paper aims to provide guidelines for biomedical researchers by discussing each phase of the construction of a Brain Computer Interface. It explains invasive and noninvasive BCI. Then, it presents the most commons methods employed for designing a BCI and discusses the artifacts removal. Finally, this paper summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the presented methods and discusses the future steps into this field of research.

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    Authors: Marc, Fakhoury;

    Depression is a severe and chronic mental disorder that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Symptoms include depressed mood, loss of interest, reduced motivation and suicidal thoughts. Even though findings from genetic, molecular and imaging studies have helped provide some clues regarding the mechanisms underlying depression-like behaviors, there are still many unanswered questions that need to be addressed. Optogenetics, a technique developed in the early 2000s, has proved effective in the study and treatment of depression and depression-like behaviors and has revolutionized already known experimental techniques. This technique employs light and genetic tools to either inhibit or excite specific neurons or pathways within the brain. In this review paper, an up-to-date understanding of the use of optogenetics in the study of depression-like behaviors is provided, along with suggestions for future research directions.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Progress in Neuro-Ps...arrow_drop_down
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    Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Progress in Neuro-Ps...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Wissam R, Yamak; Ahmad A, Beydoun; Maya M, Dirani; Hassan A, Toufaili; +2 Authors

    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of occurrence of a unilateral mu rhythm and the associated neuroimaging findings on dedicated epilepsy protocol brain MRI. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the EEG reports database at the American University of Beirut Medical Center between 2011 and 2014 searching for the presence of a unilateral mu rhythm. For patients with a unilateral mu rhythm, we recorded the patients' demographics, number of EEGs performed, characteristics of the mu activity, and the findings on the epilepsy protocol brain MRIs. Results: A total of 7986 patients underwent 9,509 EEG between 2011 and 2014. Four patients (0.05%) aged between 19 and 55 years had evidence of a unilateral mu rhythm. Three patients were diagnosed with localization-related epilepsy and one with syncope. The brain MRIs showed cortical lesions involving the parietal cortex, ipsilateral to the unilateral mu rhythm in the three patients with epilepsy. Conclusions: A unilateral mu rhythm is a rare phenomenon on the scalp EEG that should prompt a search for an ipsilateral lesion, even in the absence of additional EEG abnormalities.

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