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  • Authors: Nascimento, Patrícia Bastos do; Oliveira, João Cesar Dias; Campos, Rui;

    Background: The study was performed on wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) wich is a wild ancestor of the domestic pig and is not part of Brazilian fauna. The arterial blood supply of the encephalus has been studied by some researchers, who have systematized the cerebral blood supply from the rostral and caudal epidural rete mirabile and its sources in wild boar until the blood supply of the base of the brain. The objective was to improve the understanding of the arterial blood supply of the brain, particularly the paleopallium, of the wild boar and to provide a reference for comparative anatomy studies. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 30 brains were obtained from an officially authorised slaughterhouse and approved by Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Renowable Resources. The animals were desensitized, followed by bleending of the jugular veins and common carotid arteries near the entrance of the thorax, according to the slaughter procedure. Finally, the animals were decapitated at the level of axis vertebra. The cerebral arterial system of each animal was rinsed (cooled saline containing 2500 IU of heparin) and drained by the jugular veins, and vessels were filled with latex 603 stained with specific red dye. The heads were submerged for one hour in running water immersed in 20% formaldehyde for fixation; the brains were removed along with a cervical segment of the spinal cord. The duramater was removed, and the arteries were dissected. Schematic drawings of the ventral view of the all preparations were made using magnifying glasses and photographic records. The Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria was used to named the cerebral arteries and their branches, and calculation of pecentages was applied in the statistical analysis. The cerebral carotid artery originating from the rostral epidural rete mirabile emitted a rostral branch and a caudal branch on the side of the hypophysis gland. The rostral branch emitted one to three middle cerebral arteries and continued as rostral cerebral artery. The latter emitted the superficial and perforating central arteries, lateral rhinal artery, ethmoidal artery, medial branch and medial rhinal artery. Discussion: Wild boar is a macrosmatic animal, it presents well-developed areas of the paleopallium that are exclusively olfactory. Its extensive paleopallium was nourished by branches of the rostral cerebral artery and its collateral branches, including the lateral rhinal, ethmoidal, and medial branch and the medial rhinal artery. The rostral cerebral arteries and their collateral branches supplied blood to the olfactory bulb, olfactory peduncle, two-thirds of the lateral olfactory tract, medial olfactory tract, and rostral two-thirds of the olfactory trigone. The medial cerebral arteries within the lateral fossa of the brain, emitted superficial rostral central branches to the paleopallium, perforating central branches (striated) to the lateral fossa of the brain and caudal third of the olfactory trigone and caudal central branches to the piriform lobe. The rostral most two-thirds of a small medial band of the piriform lobe was vascularised by central branches originating mainly from the rostral branch of the cerebral cartotid artery. The paleopallium in the wild boar was nourished by branches of the cerebral rostral, middle and caudal arteries and by the central branches of the cerebral carotid artery. The arterial blood supply of the paleopallium in the wild boar was compared to the chinchilla, nutria, rabbit and pampas fox. Three cerebral vessels were mainly responsable for the emission of the central branches that supplied blood to the paleopallium, namely the middle, rostral, and caudal cerebral arteries. The differences or variations among these species were due to the type of cerebral blood supply in the formation of the cerebral arterial circle.

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    Authors: Calábria, Luciana Karen;

    Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The calmodulin is a Ca+2-binding protein, important in a wide variety of cellular functions. The complex Ca+2/calmodulin interacts and regulates several enzymes and target-proteins, known as calmodulina-binding proteins (CaMBPs). This study identified comparatively the composition of CaMBPs in the brain of the workers honeybees Apis mellifera, aiming to relate the their behavior in the colony. For that, the CaMBPS from the foragers workers and nurses brain were purified by affinity chromatography, separated in gel 1D, digested and analysed to peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) for identification. In PMF, 21 proteins were identified, being 2 just in foragers workers and 13 in nurses, considered specific-behavior protein. All proteins were classified according to their function and cellular location, it was observed a bigger intensity of CaMBPs related to metabolism, for both workers. Besides, the sequences were analyzed as for that the presence of IQ motif. The results here presented indicate that behavior change in the colony changes the CaMBPs composition and, possibly, in the protein function in the Apis melilifera workers brain. A calmodulina é uma proteína ligante de Ca+2, importante em uma variedade de funções celulares. O complexo Ca+2/calmodulina interage e regula várias enzimas e proteínas-alvo, conhecidas como proteínas ligantes de calmodulina (CaMBPs). Neste estudo, identificou-se de forma comparativa a composição de CaMBPs no cérebro de abelhas operárias Apis mellifera, visando relacioná-la com o comportamento destas abelhas na colônia. Para isto, as CaMBPs do cérebro de operárias campeira e nutridora foram purificadas através de cromatografia de afinidade, separadas em gel 1D, digeridas e submetidas à análise por peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) para identificação. Em análise PMF, 21 proteínas diferentes foram identificadas, sendo duas somente em operária campeira e 13 em nutridora, consideradas proteínas comportamento-específicas. Todas as proteínas foram classificadas quanto a sua função e localização celular, em que se observou maior expressão de CaMBPs relacionadas ao metabolismo, para ambas operárias. Além disso, as seqüências foram analisadas quanto a presença do sítio ligante de calmodulina. Os resultados apresentados aqui indicam que a mudança de comportamento na colônia leva a uma alteração na composição de CaMBPs e, possivelmente, na função destas proteínas no cérebro das abelhas operárias Apis mellifera. Mestre em Genética e Bioquímica

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    Authors: Vitale, Phelipe Augusto Mariano; Crepaldi, Carla Rossini; Tesch, Andréa Cristina; Albuquerque, Ricardo de; +1 Authors

    A VDAC é uma porina presente na MME cuja função é crucial no metabolismo energético, sobrevivência e morte celular. A caracterização da VDAC torna-se importante para a compreensão das inter-relações da mitocôndria com os diferentes componentes citosólicos, tais como a HK. A ligação HK-VDAC favorece a utilização do ATP intramitocondrial em células neuronais, a HK cerebral pode interagir de formas diferentes com a VDAC, o que resulta em diferentes sítios de ligação (sítios A e B). Os variados papéis metabólicos das isoformas da VDAC podem ser explicados pela presença de alterações pós-traducionais. No presente trabalho purificamos a VDAC1 mitocondrial neuronal proveniente de cérebro aviar. Paralelamente, comprovamos que a presença de múltiplas formas das VDACs 1 e 2 em cérebros murino e aviar, seja devida à presença de modificações pós-traducionais, nomeadamente a fosforilação. A proteína isolada apresentou peso molecular de 30KDa. Quando submetida à eletroforese e posteriormente à coloração para a identificação de fosfoproteínas, a mesma mostrou-se desfosforilada. O conhecimento da presença, ou ausência de fosforilação das VDACs, reside na importância de estabelecer-se as bases moleculares ligadas à existência de sítios A e B nas mitocôndrias neuronais. VDAC (voltage-dependent anion channel) is a pore forming protein from outer mitochondrial membrane. It has key functions on energetic metabolism, and cell death and survival. VDAC characterization is important for understanding mitochondrial interactions with cytosolic proteins, such as hexokinase (HK). HK-VDAC interaction supports preferential access to intramitochondrial ATP in neural cells. Brain HK interacts in different ways with VDAC. It results in two HK binding sites (A and B). VDAC isoforms differential metabolic roles may be explained by the presence of post-translational modifications. In this study we purified avian neuronal mitochondrial VDAC1. At same time we showed that VDACs 1 and 2 pI heterogeneity in rat and avian brains is due to phosphorylation. Purified VDAC had a molecular weight of 30 KDa. The purified VDAC submitted to phosphorylated protein staining on gel, was dephosphorylated. The knowledge of presence or absence of VDAC phosphorylation is important for understanding the molecular nature basis of A and B HK binding sites in brain mitochondria.

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    Authors: Andrade, Joana de Jesus de; Smolka, Ana Luiza Bustamante;

    O presente texto configura-se como um ensaio teórico acerca do tema desenvolvimento humano na obra de Lev Vigotski, bem como das implicações desse tema para a Neuropsicologia na obra de Alexander Luria. O trabalho foi feito com base nas obras completas em espanhol de Vigotski e nas obras em português de Vigotski e de Luria. Foram eleitos como focos de investigação considerações acerca do funcionamento cerebral humano, do conceito de compensação, dos estudos sobre deficiência e do conceito de Sistema Funcional Complexo. Apesar de os inúmeros estudos e diferentes traduções da obra de Vigotski terem ampla divulgação e repercussão, principalmente nos campos da Psicologia e da Educação, questões concernentes à Neuropsicologia não têm tido igual relevância. Em vista disto este texto procura realçar as contribuições e a fecundidade da obra no que se refere à originalidade das ideias do autor acerca dos estudos da Neuropsicologia e do desenvolvimento humano. The present text appears as a theoretical essay on the subject of human development as depicted in the work of Lev Vygotsky and approaches the implications of this issue for Neuropsychology as described in the work of Alexander Luria. This work was conducted on the basis of the complete works of Vygotsky in Spanish and the works of Vygotsky and Luria in the Portuguese language. Considerations about the functioning of the human brain, the concept of compensation, the disability studies, and the concept of Complex Functional System were selected as the focus of our research. Although numerous studies and different translations of the work of Vygotsky have a considerable impact and dissemination, especially in the fields of psychology and education, issues concerning neuropsychology have not had equal importance. In this context, this paper seeks to highlight the contributions and the fruitfulness of the work with regard to the originality of the author's ideas about the study of neuropsychology and human development. Este texto es un ensayo teórico sobre el desarrollo humano en la obra de Lev Vygotsky, así como las implicaciones de este problema para Neuropsicología en la obra de Alexander Luria. El trabajo se realizó sobre la base de las obras completas de Vygotsky y en español, en portugués en los trabajos de Vygotsky y Luria. Fueron elegidos como foco de las consideraciones de la investigación sobre el funcionamiento del cerebro humano, el concepto de compensación, los estudios sobre la discapacidad y el concepto de sistema complejo funcional. A pesar de numerosos estudios y traducciones diferentes de la obra de Vygotsky tienen un impacto considerable y la difusión, especialmente en los campos de la psicología y la educación, las cuestiones relativas a la neuropsicología no ha tenido la misma importancia. Con esta intención es que este trabajo pretende poner de relieve las contribuciones y la fecundidad de la obra con respecto a la originalidad de las ideas del autor en el estudio de la neuropsicología y el desarrollo humano.

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  • Authors: Zago, Gabriela Mariotoni;

    Orientador: Maria Alice da Cruz-Hofling Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas Resumo: A barreira hematoencefálica (BHE) é a principal estrutura controladora da manutenção da homeostase do SNC. A perda da integridade da BHE em respostas inflamatórias do SNC, desencadeada por agentes neurotóxicos, têm sido associadas ao desenvolvimento de sinais neurológicos. O veneno da aranha Phoneutria nigriventer (PNV) produz sinais e sintomas excitatórios em humanos e sua ação neurotóxica sugere habilidade potencial em alterar a permeabilidade da BHE. Nesse trabalho, o PNV foi utilizado como ferramenta para avaliar a susceptibilidade da BHE em diferentes regiões anatômicas cerebrais de ratos. Após injeção sistêmica do PNV (0.85 mg/Kg in 0.5 ml), os ratos anestesiados foram perfundidos 1, 2 e 5 h após a injeção, com solução fixadora à qual foi adicionado traçador extracelular eletron-opaco. Córtex motor fronto-parietal, substância cinzenta periaquedutal, núcleos da base e amigdala foram dissecados e processados para microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. O estado funcional da BHE foi avaliado considerando evidências do vedamento da barreira (edema vasogênico e extravasamento do traçador) e a resposta de elementos do tecido circunjacente (astrócitos, terminais sinápticos, populações de células). Além disso, foi investigada a expressão das proteínas GFAP, o principal filamento intermediário dos astrócitos, proteína S100, uma família de proteínas ligantes de cálcio e as citocinas pró-inflamatórias, IFN-? e TNF-a, através de marcação imunohistoquímica, no hipocampo e cerebelo. Logo após a administração do PNV, os animais mostraram sinais indicativos de envolvimento do SNC, SNP e SNA. Nossos resultados mostraram que todas as regiões analisadas apresentaram sinais morfológicos de reação defensiva, tais como migração de micróglia perivascular reativa, pés-vasculares astrocitário edemaciados e macrófagos ativos circulantes. Entretanto, apenas o córtex motor fronto-parietal mostrou número significante de vasos afetados em relação aos controles e às outras áreas anatômicas (1 h p.i.). Nos grupos controle, uma expressão basal de GFAP e S100B foi mantida inalterada durante os períodos de observação, enquanto nenhuma produção fisiológica das proteínas TNFa e INF? ocorreu. Por outro lado, a análise dos grupos tratados com PNV mostrou que, variavelmente, todas as proteínas investigadas aumentaram sua expressão no cerebelo e hipocampo ao longo do tempo após a injeção do veneno. O aumento da GFAP no cerebelo foi mais precoce e mais forte do que no hipocampo. Essa gliose mais evidente no cerebelo, provavelmente justifica estudos prévios, onde o extravasamento do traçador foi menor nessa região do que hipocampo, demonstrando assim, uma maior resistência da BHE do cerebelo. Outros mecanismos moleculares envolvidos poderiam ser a expressão de citocinas pró-inflamatórias TNFa e INF?, cuja modulação diferente em hipocampo e cerebelo de animais tratados com PNV, poderia também ter papel nas diferenças de permeabilidade da BHE vistas em ambas as áreas após PNV. Nosso trabalho dá suporte à hipótese de que os sinais e sintomas apresentados pelos animais durante o intervalo de tempo, após a injeção de PNV e o sacrifício, refletem alterações fisiológicas em curso, que por sua vez se revela ao nível histológico e ultraestrutural no desigual envolvimento da BHE nas diferente regiões cerebrais analisadas. Os vasos do córtex motor fronto parietal foram mais afetados pelo PNV, do que as demais regiões, confirmando a existência de diferenças regionais na capacidade do tecido local de mediar eventos requeridos para que ocorram as alterações da permeabilidade da BHE e para a invasão de populações celulares. O veneno de Phoneutria nigriventer representa uma importante substância natural, cuja complexa composição pode ser explorada em relação à ação de drogas que agem no SNC Abstract: The blood¿brain barrier (BBB) is of pivotal importance to maintain homeostasis of the CNS, as it closely regulates the composition of the interstitial fluid in the brain. The loss of BBB integrity in CNS inflammatory responses triggered by neurotoxic agents has been associated with the development of neurological signs. Phoneutria nigriventer armed spider venom (PNV) produces excitatory signals and symptoms in humans, and its recognized neurotoxic action suggests a potential ability to alter BBB permeability. In this work, the PNV was used as tool to analyzing the BBB susceptibility of different rat brain anatomic regions. After PNV systemic injection (0.85 mg/ Kg in 0.5 ml) the rats were perfused at 1, 2 and 5 h post-injection (p.i.) with fixative solution to which had been added an electro-opaque extracellular tracer. Frontal-Parietal Motor Cortex, Periaqueductal Gray Matter, Base Nucleus and Amygdala were dissected and processed for routine transmission electron microscopy. The functional state of the BBB was evaluated considering evidences of the tightness of the barrier (vasogenic edema and tracer extravasation) and the response of elements of circumjacent tissue (astrocytes, synaptic endings, cells population). Besides, it was investigated the expression of the GFAP, the major intermediate filament of astrocytes, S100 protein, a family of calcium-binding proteins, and IFN-? and TNF-a pro-inflammatory cytokines, through imunohistochemistry labeling, in the hippocampus and cerebellum. Soon after PNV dministration the animals showed clinical signs indicative of peripheral, autonomic and central nervous system involvement. Our findings showed that all regions analyzed presented morphological signs of defensive reaction, such as migrating reactive perivascular microglia, swollen astrocytes end-feet and circulating active macrophages. However, only FPMC showed significant number of affected vessels in relation to controls and the other anatomic areas (1 h p.i.). A basal expression of GFAP and S100 was maintained unaltered along the periods of observation, whereas none physiologic production of TNFa and INF? proteins has occurred in control groups. In contrast, analysis of the PNV-treated groups showed that all investigated proteins variably enhanced its expression along the time-course after venom injection in cerebellum and hippocampus. The increase of GFAP in cerebellum is more precocious and stronger than in hippocampus. A more prominent reactive gliosis by cerebellum over hippocampus would be supposedly one of the molecular events underlying the previous findings showing to be cerebellum BBB more resistant to leakage than hippocampus. Other possible molecular mechanism involved would be the expression of proinflammatory TNFa and INF? cytokines, whose different modulation in cerebellum and hippocampus of PNV-treated animals could be also involved in differences of permeation of BBB seen in both areas. Our study further support the idea that the symptomatic interval after systemic P. nigriventer spider venom injection is characterized by sequential physiologic changes that are reflected in histological and ultrastructural preparations and reveal that BBB impairment is unequal in different anatomical brain areas. The Fronto-Parietal Motor Cortex vessels are more targeted for PNV, confirming the existence of regional differences in the capacity of the local tissue of mediating the events required for the changes of BBB permeability and for cell invasion. Phoneutria nigriventer venom represents an important natural substance, whose complex composition should be explored in terms of CNS acting drugs Mestrado Farmacologia Mestre em Farmacologia

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    Authors: Peres, Julio Fernando Prieto; Nasello, Antonia Gladys;

    Estudos com neuroimagem vêm replicando alguns achados relevantes ao entendimento de anormalidades neuroanatômicas, estruturais e funcionais associadas ao transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT). A dificuldade em sintetizar, categorizar e integrar a memória traumática em uma narrativa pode estar relacionada à relativa diminuição do volume e ativação do hipocampo, à diminuição na atividade do córtex pré-frontal, do cíngulo anterior e da área de Broca. O mecanismo deficiente de extinção da resposta ao medo e à desregulação emocional estão possivelmente relacionados à menor atividade cortical pré-frontal, implicado na atenuação do feedback negativo da atividade da amígdala. Tais memórias traumáticas não-hipocampo/pré-frontal dependentes são involuntariamente acessadas, apresentam-se fragmentadas sensorialmente, sem estrutura narrativa desenvolvida e tendem a permanecer com expressão emocional intensa e sensações vívidas. Processos psicoterapêuticos, baseados em exposição e reconstrução cognitiva, podem estimular as faculdades cognitivas e integrativas do encéfalo correspondentes às estruturas encontradas como deficitárias em indivíduos com TEPT. Nessa perspectiva, a memória poderá perder intensidade emocional, ser cognitivamente mais organizada e ainda, esvaecer-se com o tempo. Outras implicações dos achados da neuroimagem são discutidas no âmbito psicoterapêutico, assim como, as perspectivas de futuros estudos com neuroimagem no Brasil. Neuroimaging findings have been replicating some findings important to understanding structural and functional abnormalities associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The impairment in synthesizing, categorizing, and integrating a traumatic memory into a narrative may be related to a relative decrease in hippocampus volume and activation, and a decrease in activity of the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and Broca's area. The deficient extinction response mechanism to fear and emotional deregulation may possibly be related to decreased prefrontal cortex activity implicated in attenuation of negative feedback of amygdala activity. The nonhippocampally and prefrontal dependent traumatic memories are involuntarily accessed, are sensorially fragmented without a developed narrative structure, and tend to continue presenting intense emotional expression and vivid sensations. Exposure based and cognitive restructuring psychotherapeutic processes can stimulate the cognitive and integrative faculties of the brain that correspond to the structures found to be deficient in individuals with PTSD. Hence, the memory would lose emotional intensity, be more organized cognitively, and could also fade with time. Other neuroimaging findings related to psychotherapy are discussed as well as the perspectives of future neuroimaging studies in Brazil.

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    Authors: Duarte, Júlia Bertelli;

    O desenvolvimento tecnológico da eletrônica, interligado ao crescimento no conhecimento científico sobre as causas das doenças humanas no final de século XX, possibilitou desenvolver novos equipamentos e técnicas diagnósticas e terapêuticas na Medicina. Um sistema de inteligência artificial deve ser capaz de armazenar conhecimento, aplicar este conhecimento na resolução de problemas e adquirir novos conhecimentos através da experiência. A medicina atualmente gasta um longo tempo na análise de exames neurológicos que em sua maioria não apresentam alguma anomalia. Para auxiliar o especialista, deseja-se desenvolver um programa, baseado em inteligência artificial, capaz de separar os sinais cerebrais em sinais com e sem anomalias. Sinais de eletroencefalograma serão utilizados neste trabalho devido à grande necessidade de programas para auxílio ao seu diagnóstico. Para isto, utilizou-se de um banco de dados disponível publicamente de Bern-Barcelona, que consiste em sinais com presença de ictal (evento no sinal causado por uma crise epilética) e sem a presença de ictal. Para avaliação dos procedimentos desenvolvidos, utilizou-se das métricas de sensibilidade, especificidade, precisão, valores positivos preditos, valores negativos preditos e coeficiente de correlação de Mathew. Utilizou-se seis procedimentos de classificação (kNN, WkNN, LDA, QDA, PNN e MLP-BP) e dois algoritmos de otimização (algoritmo genético e evolução diferencial) para testar a eficiência destes na classificação de sinais focais e não focais. Já para o cálculo dos sintomas, utilizou-se de técnicas de análise de sinais, como a análise estatística clássica (valor RMS e curtose, por exemplo), Transformadas Wavelet e de Hilbert-Huang, análise envelope e cálculos de entropia e k-NEO. De uma pré-análise, os parâmetros que mais se repetiram como possíveis sintomas foram Valor RMS, fator de crista e curtose, com 15, 14 e 10 ocorrências respectivamente. Os melhores resultados observados foram utilizando evolução diferencial em conjunto com WkNN, que resultou numa precisão de aproximadamente 84%. The technological development of electronics, linked to growth of scientific knowledge on the causes of human diseases in the late twentieth century, made it possible to develop new equipment and diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in Medicine. An artificial intelligence system must be able to stock knowledge, applied this knowledge and acquire new knowledge through experience. The physics spend a large time in neurological exams analysis and most of all are not an anomaly. To assist the specialist, we want to develop a program, based on artificial intelligence, capable of separating the brain signals into signs with and without anomalies. Electroencephalogram signs are used in this work because of the great need for programs to aid in their diagnosis. To do this, an available database of Bern-Barcelona are used, which consists of signs with and without the presence of ictal (signal event caused by an epileptic seizure). For the evaluation of the developed processes, we used the metrics of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive values, negative predictive values and Mathew correlation coefficient. We used six classification procedures (kNN, WkNN, LDA, QDA, PNN and MLP-BP) and two optimization algorithms (genetic algorithm and differential evolution) to test an application of these in the classification of focal and non-focal signals. For calculation of symptoms, statistical analysis such as a classical statistical analysis (RMS value and kurtosis, for example), Wavelet and Hilbert-Huang Transforms, analysis envelope and entropy and k-NEO calculations are used. From a pre-analysis, the parameter that most repeat as possible symptoms as RMS value, crest factor and kurtosis, with 15, 14 and 10 occurrences respectively. The best results observed is using WkNN, with differential evolution, which resulted in an accuracy of approximately 84%. Tese (Doutorado)

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    Authors: Bender de Sousa, Lucilene; Gabriel, Rosângela;

    How does our brain represent and organize words? Researchers believe in the existence of something like a word inventory in the brain, which they call mental lexicon. This structure is the center of most cognitive models of speech, listening, writing and reading, through which one can have access to word forms and meanings. This paper aims to provide a general view of what the mental lexicon is. Primarily, the concept of lexicon and how this denomination was born are presented. Similarities and differences between a conventional dictionary and the mental lexicon are discussed. Questions such as how many words people know and how research evaluates this number are addressed. Then, different models on lexical organization are presented, approaching the connectivity relations between lexical items. De que forma nosso cérebro representa e organiza as palavras que conhecemos? Os pesquisadores acreditam que exista no cérebro algo como um inventário de palavras chamado léxico mental. Esta estrutura cognitiva é o centro da maioria dos modelos cognitivos de fala, escuta, escrita e leitura, por meio dela temos acesso à forma das palavras e a seus significados. Este artigo busca fornecer uma visão geral do que seja o léxico mental. Primeiramente, apresentamos o conceito de léxico e como surgiu essa denominação. Discutimos as semelhanças e diferenças entre um dicionário convencional e o léxico mental. Tentamos responder quantas palavras sabemos em média e de que forma as pesquisas avaliam esse número. Em seguida, explicamos a organização lexical em diferentes modelos. Por fim, abordamos as relações de conectividade entre os itens lexicais.

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    Authors: Gomes, Maria Inês Ferreira;

    Mestrado em Bioética Master Degree Course in Bioethics Com este trabalho procuramos analisar a problemática das novas tecnologias no acesso ao conteúdo do cérebro, nomeadamente o uso dos potenciais evocados cognitivos (sobretudo o P300) sob a forma de Brain Fingerprinting, pondo à prova a fiabilidade do método e eventuais consequências éticas da sua aplicação. Abordaram-se conceitos como mente e seu conteúdo, no que se refere à comunicação e linguagem como forma de interacção social, sobretudo na capacidade de fazer uso da verdade ou da mentira, como escolha consciente e individual. Inerente à mentira abordou-se o conceito de emoção para compreender como funciona o tradicional polígrafo e de que forma o Brain Fingerprinting poderá trazer vantagens. A nível experimental avaliamos a utilização do P300 como "detector de culpa" em 20 indivíduos, tendo-se excluído 5, divididos num grupo controlo (n=8) e experimental (n=7 participantes num furto simulado), em duas experiências com estímulos visuais: experiência 1 com palavras e experiência 2 com imagens. Na análise visual individual verificou-se maior eficácia das imagens para a detecção correcta dos indivíduos (50% vs. 37,5% para os inocentes e 28,6% vs. 0% para os culpados). Nos culpados as palavras deram origem a uma percentagem elevada de falsos negativos (57,1% vs. 28,6% com imagens), salientando-se uma baixa taxa de falsos positivos em ambas as experiências. Na análise visual dos grupos as imagens parecem ser também mais eficazes na detecção correcta de ambos os perfis (culpados e inocentes), enquanto as palavras só identificam correctamente os inocentes. Da análise estatística intra e intergrupos obteve-se um "perfil inocente" em ambos os grupos, nas duas experiências. Neste estudo os nossos melhores resultados só identificaram correctamente 50% dos inocentes e 28,6% dos culpados (com imagens) o que se encontra muito longe dos 100% obtidos por Farwell e Smith (2001). Por fim, levamos a cabo uma discussão bioética debruçando-nos sobre a licitude deste tipo de metodologia, que promete aceder aos pensamentos, criando uma nova noção de dignidade, privacidade e autonomia. A discussão termina com a noção de responsabilização individual, abrangendo o direito inalienável à liberdade de acção e pensamento, inerente à espécie humana. With the present work we intend to approach the problem of the use of new technologies as a mean to gain access to mental events, such as the use of Brain Fingerprinting. We will test the reliability of such method and discuss its ethical implications. We will approach concepts such as the mind and its content, concerning communication and language as a social interaction tool, and the ability to tell the truth or lie as a conscious and individual choice. Concerning deception, we approach the concept of emotion in order to understand the functioning of the traditional Polygraph and the way in which the use of Brain Fingerprinting may be advantageous. We experimentally assessed the use of the P300 event related potential as a "guilt detector", relying on a sample of 20 subjects (15+5 excluded from the analysis), divided into control (n = 8) and experimental (n = 7 subjects who simulated a theft in a mock-crime scenario) groups. There were two experiments with visual stimuli: experiment 1 with words and experiment 2 with pictures. Visual analysis of individual records revealed greater accuracy on the use of images to correctly detect subjects (50% vs. 37,5% for innocents and 28,6% vs. 0% of correctly detected subjects for the guilty condition). For guilty subjects, words led to a high percentage of false negatives (57,1% vs. 28,6 for pictures). A low percentage of false alarms were observed for both experiences. From the visual analysis of groups we are led to conclude that pictures seem to be once again more effective on the detection of both profiles (guilty and innocent), while words are only effective for the detection of innocent subjects. Statistical analysis did not discriminate between profiles, as we obtained constant "innocent" results for both experiments and groups. On the present study the best results we achieved were a 50% rate of identification for innocents and 28,6% for guilty subjects (with pictures). This contrasts with the rate of 100% obtained by Farwell and Smith (2001). Finally, we entail on a bioethical discussion concerning the acceptability of this kind of methodology, which promises access to thoughts, thus creating a new notion of dignity, privacy and autonomy. The discussion ends with the notion of individual responsibility, embracing the inalienable right to freedom of action and thought, inherent to the human species.

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  • Authors: Otoni, Julliano da Silva;

    Submitted by Julliano da Silva Otoni (julliano.otoni@unesp.br) on 2019-06-26T16:20:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao.pdf: 3682832 bytes, checksum: c265fbf821bd71a2807d7e3e9edd1bbb (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2019-06-27T12:59:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 otoni_js_me_bot.pdf: 3682832 bytes, checksum: c265fbf821bd71a2807d7e3e9edd1bbb (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-06-27T12:59:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 otoni_js_me_bot.pdf: 3682832 bytes, checksum: c265fbf821bd71a2807d7e3e9edd1bbb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-04-30 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir um dispositivo coletor de biopotenciais por EEG de baixo custo. Como características o protótipo apresentou alta imunidade a ruído, faixa de frequência de trabalho e tensão, seguindo as especificações necessárias para a coleta dos sinais EEG. O circuito eletrônico e o roteamento foram desenvolvidos no software Eagle R e então a placa foi construída pelo método fotográfico com posterior corrosão por percloreto de ferro e solda-gem manual dos componentes. O circuito montado é composto por: amplificadores diferenciais configurados com um ganho na ordem de 169,66, filtros de frequência intercalados e um mi-crocontrolador ESP32@ que munido de conversor analógico-digital foi configurado para uma amostragem de 356 amostras por segundo e resolução de 12 bits, o que possibilitou leituras com passos de 2,198x10-4 V. Os filtros foram projetados para atuar na redução de ruidos contidos na faixa de 50 a 60Hz. O funcionamento do dispositivo móvel microcontrolado teve seu funciona-mento comprovado através do método de detecção de ondas alfa, ondas estas que alteram suas intensidade quando nos encontramos concentrados com os olhos abertos ou fechados. A captura de ondas alfa compreendidas entre 8 a 13 Hz foi validada nas seguintes condições: 1 minuto com os olhos fechados (alta atividade) e 1 minuto com os olhos abertos (baixa atividade). O dispositivo produzido mostrou-se promissor como uma alternativa de baixo custo e com simpli-cidade de produção, quando comparado aos modelos disponíveis no mercado para captura de sinais EEG. The objective of this work was to produce a low cost EEG biopotential collecting device. As characteristics the prototype presented high immunity to noise, working frequency range and voltage, following the specifications required for the collection of EEG signals. Electronic circuit and routing were developed in the Eagle R software and the plate was then constructed by the photographic method with subsequent iron perchloride corrosion and manual soldering of the components. The assembled circuit consists of: differential amplifiers configured with a gain of the order of 169.66, frequency filters interleaved and an ESP32 @ microcontroller which has an analog-to-digital converter configured for a sampling of 356 samples per second and resolution of 12 bits, which allowed for readings with steps of 2.198x10-4 V. The filters were designed to act in the reduction of noise contained in the range of 50 to 60Hz. The operation of the microcontrolled mobile device has proven its function through the method of detecting alpha waves, waves that change their intensity when we are concentrated with the eyes open or closed. The capture of alpha waves between 8 and 13 Hz was validated under the following conditions: 1 minute with eyes closed (high activity) and 1 minute with eyes open (low activity). The device produced was promising as a low-cost, simplified production alternative when compared to models available on the market for EEG signal capture. 458810/2013-4

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  • Authors: Nascimento, Patrícia Bastos do; Oliveira, João Cesar Dias; Campos, Rui;

    Background: The study was performed on wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) wich is a wild ancestor of the domestic pig and is not part of Brazilian fauna. The arterial blood supply of the encephalus has been studied by some researchers, who have systematized the cerebral blood supply from the rostral and caudal epidural rete mirabile and its sources in wild boar until the blood supply of the base of the brain. The objective was to improve the understanding of the arterial blood supply of the brain, particularly the paleopallium, of the wild boar and to provide a reference for comparative anatomy studies. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 30 brains were obtained from an officially authorised slaughterhouse and approved by Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Renowable Resources. The animals were desensitized, followed by bleending of the jugular veins and common carotid arteries near the entrance of the thorax, according to the slaughter procedure. Finally, the animals were decapitated at the level of axis vertebra. The cerebral arterial system of each animal was rinsed (cooled saline containing 2500 IU of heparin) and drained by the jugular veins, and vessels were filled with latex 603 stained with specific red dye. The heads were submerged for one hour in running water immersed in 20% formaldehyde for fixation; the brains were removed along with a cervical segment of the spinal cord. The duramater was removed, and the arteries were dissected. Schematic drawings of the ventral view of the all preparations were made using magnifying glasses and photographic records. The Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria was used to named the cerebral arteries and their branches, and calculation of pecentages was applied in the statistical analysis. The cerebral carotid artery originating from the rostral epidural rete mirabile emitted a rostral branch and a caudal branch on the side of the hypophysis gland. The rostral branch emitted one to three middle cerebral arteries and continued as rostral cerebral artery. The latter emitted the superficial and perforating central arteries, lateral rhinal artery, ethmoidal artery, medial branch and medial rhinal artery. Discussion: Wild boar is a macrosmatic animal, it presents well-developed areas of the paleopallium that are exclusively olfactory. Its extensive paleopallium was nourished by branches of the rostral cerebral artery and its collateral branches, including the lateral rhinal, ethmoidal, and medial branch and the medial rhinal artery. The rostral cerebral arteries and their collateral branches supplied blood to the olfactory bulb, olfactory peduncle, two-thirds of the lateral olfactory tract, medial olfactory tract, and rostral two-thirds of the olfactory trigone. The medial cerebral arteries within the lateral fossa of the brain, emitted superficial rostral central branches to the paleopallium, perforating central branches (striated) to the lateral fossa of the brain and caudal third of the olfactory trigone and caudal central branches to the piriform lobe. The rostral most two-thirds of a small medial band of the piriform lobe was vascularised by central branches originating mainly from the rostral branch of the cerebral cartotid artery. The paleopallium in the wild boar was nourished by branches of the cerebral rostral, middle and caudal arteries and by the central branches of the cerebral carotid artery. The arterial blood supply of the paleopallium in the wild boar was compared to the chinchilla, nutria, rabbit and pampas fox. Three cerebral vessels were mainly responsable for the emission of the central branches that supplied blood to the paleopallium, namely the middle, rostral, and caudal cerebral arteries. The differences or variations among these species were due to the type of cerebral blood supply in the formation of the cerebral arterial circle.

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    Authors: Calábria, Luciana Karen;

    Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The calmodulin is a Ca+2-binding protein, important in a wide variety of cellular functions. The complex Ca+2/calmodulin interacts and regulates several enzymes and target-proteins, known as calmodulina-binding proteins (CaMBPs). This study identified comparatively the composition of CaMBPs in the brain of the workers honeybees Apis mellifera, aiming to relate the their behavior in the colony. For that, the CaMBPS from the foragers workers and nurses brain were purified by affinity chromatography, separated in gel 1D, digested and analysed to peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) for identification. In PMF, 21 proteins were identified, being 2 just in foragers workers and 13 in nurses, considered specific-behavior protein. All proteins were classified according to their function and cellular location, it was observed a bigger intensity of CaMBPs related to metabolism, for both workers. Besides, the sequences were analyzed as for that the presence of IQ motif. The results here presented indicate that behavior change in the colony changes the CaMBPs composition and, possibly, in the protein function in the Apis melilifera workers brain. A calmodulina é uma proteína ligante de Ca+2, importante em uma variedade de funções celulares. O complexo Ca+2/calmodulina interage e regula várias enzimas e proteínas-alvo, conhecidas como proteínas ligantes de calmodulina (CaMBPs). Neste estudo, identificou-se de forma comparativa a composição de CaMBPs no cérebro de abelhas operárias Apis mellifera, visando relacioná-la com o comportamento destas abelhas na colônia. Para isto, as CaMBPs do cérebro de operárias campeira e nutridora foram purificadas através de cromatografia de afinidade, separadas em gel 1D, digeridas e submetidas à análise por peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) para identificação. Em análise PMF, 21 proteínas diferentes foram identificadas, sendo duas somente em operária campeira e 13 em nutridora, consideradas proteínas comportamento-específicas. Todas as proteínas foram classificadas quanto a sua função e localização celular, em que se observou maior expressão de CaMBPs relacionadas ao metabolismo, para ambas operárias. Além disso, as seqüências foram analisadas quanto a presença do sítio ligante de calmodulina. Os resultados apresentados aqui indicam que a mudança de comportamento na colônia leva a uma alteração na composição de CaMBPs e, possivelmente, na função destas proteínas no cérebro das abelhas operárias Apis mellifera. Mestre em Genética e Bioquímica

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    Authors: Vitale, Phelipe Augusto Mariano; Crepaldi, Carla Rossini; Tesch, Andréa Cristina; Albuquerque, Ricardo de; +1 Authors

    A VDAC é uma porina presente na MME cuja função é crucial no metabolismo energético, sobrevivência e morte celular. A caracterização da VDAC torna-se importante para a compreensão das inter-relações da mitocôndria com os diferentes componentes citosólicos, tais como a HK. A ligação HK-VDAC favorece a utilização do ATP intramitocondrial em células neuronais, a HK cerebral pode interagir de formas diferentes com a VDAC, o que resulta em diferentes sítios de ligação (sítios A e B). Os variados papéis metabólicos das isoformas da VDAC podem ser explicados pela presença de alterações pós-traducionais. No presente trabalho purificamos a VDAC1 mitocondrial neuronal proveniente de cérebro aviar. Paralelamente, comprovamos que a presença de múltiplas formas das VDACs 1 e 2 em cérebros murino e aviar, seja devida à presença de modificações pós-traducionais, nomeadamente a fosforilação. A proteína isolada apresentou peso molecular de 30KDa. Quando submetida à eletroforese e posteriormente à coloração para a identificação de fosfoproteínas, a mesma mostrou-se desfosforilada. O conhecimento da presença, ou ausência de fosforilação das VDACs, reside na importância de estabelecer-se as bases moleculares ligadas à existência de sítios A e B nas mitocôndrias neuronais. VDAC (voltage-dependent anion channel) is a pore forming protein from outer mitochondrial membrane. It has key functions on energetic metabolism, and cell death and survival. VDAC characterization is important for understanding mitochondrial interactions with cytosolic proteins, such as hexokinase (HK). HK-VDAC interaction supports preferential access to intramitochondrial ATP in neural cells. Brain HK interacts in different ways with VDAC. It results in two HK binding sites (A and B). VDAC isoforms differential metabolic roles may be explained by the presence of post-translational modifications. In this study we purified avian neuronal mitochondrial VDAC1. At same time we showed that VDACs 1 and 2 pI heterogeneity in rat and avian brains is due to phosphorylation. Purified VDAC had a molecular weight of 30 KDa. The purified VDAC submitted to phosphorylated protein staining on gel, was dephosphorylated. The knowledge of presence or absence of VDAC phosphorylation is important for understanding the molecular nature basis of A and B HK binding sites in brain mitochondria.

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    Authors: Andrade, Joana de Jesus de; Smolka, Ana Luiza Bustamante;

    O presente texto configura-se como um ensaio teórico acerca do tema desenvolvimento humano na obra de Lev Vigotski, bem como das implicações desse tema para a Neuropsicologia na obra de Alexander Luria. O trabalho foi feito com base nas obras completas em espanhol de Vigotski e nas obras em português de Vigotski e de Luria. Foram eleitos como focos de investigação considerações acerca do funcionamento cerebral humano, do conceito de compensação, dos estudos sobre deficiência e do conceito de Sistema Funcional Complexo. Apesar de os inúmeros estudos e diferentes traduções da obra de Vigotski terem ampla divulgação e repercussão, principalmente nos campos da Psicologia e da Educação, questões concernentes à Neuropsicologia não têm tido igual relevância. Em vista disto este texto procura realçar as contribuições e a fecundidade da obra no que se refere à originalidade das ideias do autor acerca dos estudos da Neuropsicologia e do desenvolvimento humano. The present text appears as a theoretical essay on the subject of human development as depicted in the work of Lev Vygotsky and approaches the implications of this issue for Neuropsychology as described in the work of Alexander Luria. This work was conducted on the basis of the complete works of Vygotsky in Spanish and the works of Vygotsky and Luria in the Portuguese language. Considerations about the functioning of the human brain, the concept of compensation, the disability studies, and the concept of Complex Functional System were selected as the focus of our research. Although numerous studies and different translations of the work of Vygotsky have a considerable impact and dissemination, especially in the fields of psychology and education, issues concerning neuropsychology have not had equal importance. In this context, this paper seeks to highlight the contributions and the fruitfulness of the work with regard to the originality of the author's ideas about the study of neuropsychology and human development. Este texto es un ensayo teórico sobre el desarrollo humano en la obra de Lev Vygotsky, así como las implicaciones de este problema para Neuropsicología en la obra de Alexander Luria. El trabajo se realizó sobre la base de las obras completas de Vygotsky y en español, en portugués en los trabajos de Vygotsky y Luria. Fueron elegidos como foco de las consideraciones de la investigación sobre el funcionamiento del cerebro humano, el concepto de compensación, los estudios sobre la discapacidad y el concepto de sistema complejo funcional. A pesar de numerosos estudios y traducciones diferentes de la obra de Vygotsky tienen un impacto considerable y la difusión, especialmente en los campos de la psicología y la educación, las cuestiones relativas a la neuropsicología no ha tenido la misma importancia. Con esta intención es que este trabajo pretende poner de relieve las contribuciones y la fecundidad de la obra con respecto a la originalidad de las ideas del autor en el estudio de la neuropsicología y el desarrollo humano.

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  • Authors: Zago, Gabriela Mariotoni;

    Orientador: Maria Alice da Cruz-Hofling Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas Resumo: A barreira hematoencefálica (BHE) é a principal estrutura controladora da manutenção da homeostase do SNC. A perda da integridade da BHE em respostas inflamatórias do SNC, desencadeada por agentes neurotóxicos, têm sido associadas ao desenvolvimento de sinais neurológicos. O veneno da aranha Phoneutria nigriventer (PNV) produz sinais e sintomas excitatórios em humanos e sua ação neurotóxica sugere habilidade potencial em alterar a permeabilidade da BHE. Nesse trabalho, o PNV foi utilizado como ferramenta para avaliar a susceptibilidade da BHE em diferentes regiões anatômicas cerebrais de ratos. Após injeção sistêmica do PNV (0.85 mg/Kg in 0.5 ml), os ratos anestesiados foram perfundidos 1, 2 e 5 h após a injeção, com solução fixadora à qual foi adicionado traçador extracelular eletron-opaco. Córtex motor fronto-parietal, substância cinzenta periaquedutal, núcleos da base e amigdala foram dissecados e processados para microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. O estado funcional da BHE foi avaliado considerando evidências do vedamento da barreira (edema vasogênico e extravasamento do traçador) e a resposta de elementos do tecido circunjacente (astrócitos, terminais sinápticos, populações de células). Além disso, foi investigada a expressão das proteínas GFAP, o principal filamento intermediário dos astrócitos, proteína S100, uma família de proteínas ligantes de cálcio e as citocinas pró-inflamatórias, IFN-? e TNF-a, através de marcação imunohistoquímica, no hipocampo e cerebelo. Logo após a administração do PNV, os animais mostraram sinais indicativos de envolvimento do SNC, SNP e SNA. Nossos resultados mostraram que todas as regiões analisadas apresentaram sinais morfológicos de reação defensiva, tais como migração de micróglia perivascular reativa, pés-vasculares astrocitário edemaciados e macrófagos ativos circulantes. Entretanto, apenas o córtex motor fronto-parietal mostrou número significante de vasos afetados em relação aos controles e às outras áreas anatômicas (1 h p.i.). Nos grupos controle, uma expressão basal de GFAP e S100B foi mantida inalterada durante os períodos de observação, enquanto nenhuma produção fisiológica das proteínas TNFa e INF? ocorreu. Por outro lado, a análise dos grupos tratados com PNV mostrou que, variavelmente, todas as proteínas investigadas aumentaram sua expressão no cerebelo e hipocampo ao longo do tempo após a injeção do veneno. O aumento da GFAP no cerebelo foi mais precoce e mais forte do que no hipocampo. Essa gliose mais evidente no cerebelo, provavelmente justifica estudos prévios, onde o extravasamento do traçador foi menor nessa região do que hipocampo, demonstrando assim, uma maior resistência da BHE do cerebelo. Outros mecanismos moleculares envolvidos poderiam ser a expressão de citocinas pró-inflamatórias TNFa e INF?, cuja modulação diferente em hipocampo e cerebelo de animais tratados com PNV, poderia também ter papel nas diferenças de permeabilidade da BHE vistas em ambas as áreas após PNV. Nosso trabalho dá suporte à hipótese de que os sinais e sintomas apresentados pelos animais durante o intervalo de tempo, após a injeção de PNV e o sacrifício, refletem alterações fisiológicas em curso, que por sua vez se revela ao nível histológico e ultraestrutural no desigual envolvimento da BHE nas diferente regiões cerebrais analisadas. Os vasos do córtex motor fronto parietal foram mais afetados pelo PNV, do que as demais regiões, confirmando a existência de diferenças regionais na capacidade do tecido local de mediar eventos requeridos para que ocorram as alterações da permeabilidade da BHE e para a invasão de populações celulares. O veneno de Phoneutria nigriventer representa uma importante substância natural, cuja complexa composição pode ser explorada em relação à ação de drogas que agem no SNC Abstract: The blood¿brain barrier (BBB) is of pivotal importance to maintain homeostasis of the CNS, as it closely regulates the composition of the interstitial fluid in the brain. The loss of BBB integrity in CNS inflammatory responses triggered by neurotoxic agents has been associated with the development of neurological signs. Phoneutria nigriventer armed spider venom (PNV) produces excitatory signals and symptoms in humans, and its recognized neurotoxic action suggests a potential ability to alter BBB permeability. In this work, the PNV was used as tool to analyzing the BBB susceptibility of different rat brain anatomic regions. After PNV systemic injection (0.85 mg/ Kg in 0.5 ml) the rats were perfused at 1, 2 and 5 h post-injection (p.i.) with fixative solution to which had been added an electro-opaque extracellular tracer. Frontal-Parietal Motor Cortex, Periaqueductal Gray Matter, Base Nucleus and Amygdala were dissected and processed for routine transmission electron microscopy. The functional state of the BBB was evaluated considering evidences of the tightness of the barrier (vasogenic edema and tracer extravasation) and the response of elements of circumjacent tissue (astrocytes, synaptic endings, cells population). Besides, it was investigated the expression of the GFAP, the major intermediate filament of astrocytes, S100 protein, a family of calcium-binding proteins, and IFN-? and TNF-a pro-inflammatory cytokines, through imunohistochemistry labeling, in the hippocampus and cerebellum. Soon after PNV dministration the animals showed clinical signs indicative of peripheral, autonomic and central nervous system involvement. Our findings showed that all regions analyzed presented morphological signs of defensive reaction, such as migrating reactive perivascular microglia, swollen astrocytes end-feet and circulating active macrophages. However, only FPMC showed significant number of affected vessels in relation to controls and the other anatomic areas (1 h p.i.). A basal expression of GFAP and S100 was maintained unaltered along the periods of observation, whereas none physiologic production of TNFa and INF? proteins has occurred in control groups. In contrast, analysis of the PNV-treated groups showed that all investigated proteins variably enhanced its expression along the time-course after venom injection in cerebellum and hippocampus. The increase of GFAP in cerebellum is more precocious and stronger than in hippocampus. A more prominent reactive gliosis by cerebellum over hippocampus would be supposedly one of the molecular events underlying the previous findings showing to be cerebellum BBB more resistant to leakage than hippocampus. Other possible molecular mechanism involved would be the expression of proinflammatory TNFa and INF? cytokines, whose different modulation in cerebellum and hippocampus of PNV-treated animals could be also involved in differences of permeation of BBB seen in both areas. Our study further support the idea that the symptomatic interval after systemic P. nigriventer spider venom injection is characterized by sequential physiologic changes that are reflected in histological and ultrastructural preparations and reveal that BBB impairment is unequal in different anatomical brain areas. The Fronto-Parietal Motor Cortex vessels are more targeted for PNV, confirming the existence of regional differences in the capacity of the local tissue of mediating the events required for the changes of BBB permeability and for cell invasion. Phoneutria nigriventer venom represents an important natural substance, whose complex composition should be explored in terms of CNS acting drugs Mestrado Farmacologia Mestre em Farmacologia

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    Authors: Peres, Julio Fernando Prieto; Nasello, Antonia Gladys;

    Estudos com neuroimagem vêm replicando alguns achados relevantes ao entendimento de anormalidades neuroanatômicas, estruturais e funcionais associadas ao transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT). A dificuldade em sintetizar, categorizar e integrar a memória traumática em uma narrativa pode estar relacionada à relativa diminuição do volume e ativação do hipocampo, à diminuição na atividade do córtex pré-frontal, do cíngulo anterior e da área de Broca. O mecanismo deficiente de extinção da resposta ao medo e à desregulação emocional estão possivelmente relacionados à menor atividade cortical pré-frontal, implicado na atenuação do feedback negativo da atividade da amígdala. Tais memórias traumáticas não-hipocampo/pré-frontal dependentes são involuntariamente acessadas, apresentam-se fragmentadas sensorialmente, sem estrutura narrativa desenvolvida e tendem a permanecer com expressão emocional intensa e sensações vívidas. Processos psicoterapêuticos, baseados em exposição e reconstrução cognitiva, podem estimular as faculdades cognitivas e integrativas do encéfalo correspondentes às estruturas encontradas como deficitárias em indivíduos com TEPT. Nessa perspectiva, a memória poderá perder intensidade emocional, ser cognitivamente mais organizada e ainda, esvaecer-se com o tempo. Outras implicações dos achados da neuroimagem são discutidas no âmbito psicoterapêutico, assim como, as perspectivas de futuros estudos com neuroimagem no Brasil. Neuroimaging findings have been replicating some findings important to understanding structural and functional abnormalities associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The impairment in synthesizing, categorizing, and integrating a traumatic memory into a narrative may be related to a relative decrease in hippocampus volume and activation, and a decrease in activity of the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and Broca's area. The deficient extinction response mechanism to fear and emotional deregulation may possibly be related to decreased prefrontal cortex activity implicated in attenuation of negative feedback of amygdala activity. The nonhippocampally and prefrontal dependent traumatic memories are involuntarily accessed, are sensorially fragmented without a developed narrative structure, and tend to continue presenting intense emotional expression and vivid sensations. Exposure based and cognitive restructuring psychotherapeutic processes can stimulate the cognitive and integrative faculties of the brain that correspond to the structures found to be deficient in individuals with PTSD. Hence, the memory would lose emotional intensity, be more organized cognitively, and could also fade with time. Other neuroimaging findings related to psychotherapy are discussed as well as the perspectives of future neuroimaging studies in Brazil.

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    Authors: Duarte, Júlia Bertelli;

    O desenvolvimento tecnológico da eletrônica, interligado ao crescimento no conhecimento científico sobre as causas das doenças humanas no final de século XX, possibilitou desenvolver novos equipamentos e técnicas diagnósticas e terapêuticas na Medicina. Um sistema de inteligência artificial deve ser capaz de armazenar conhecimento, aplicar este conhecimento na resolução de problemas e adquirir novos conhecimentos através da experiência. A medicina atualmente gasta um longo tempo na análise de exames neurológicos que em sua maioria não apresentam alguma anomalia. Para auxiliar o especialista, deseja-se desenvolver um programa, baseado em inteligência artificial, capaz de separar os sinais cerebrais em sinais com e sem anomalias. Sinais de eletroencefalograma serão utilizados neste trabalho devido à grande necessidade de programas para auxílio ao seu diagnóstico. Para isto, utilizou-se de um banco de dados disponível publicamente de Bern-Barcelona, que consiste em sinais com presença de ictal (evento no sinal causado por uma crise epilética) e sem a presença de ictal. Para avaliação dos procedimentos desenvolvidos, utilizou-se das métricas de sensibilidade, especificidade, precisão, valores positivos preditos, valores negativos preditos e coeficiente de correlação de Mathew. Utilizou-se seis procedimentos de classificação (kNN, WkNN, LDA, QDA, PNN e MLP-BP) e dois algoritmos de otimização (algoritmo genético e evolução diferencial) para testar a eficiência destes na classificação de sinais focais e não focais. Já para o cálculo dos sintomas, utilizou-se de técnicas de análise de sinais, como a análise estatística clássica (valor RMS e curtose, por exemplo), Transformadas Wavelet e de Hilbert-Huang, análise envelope e cálculos de entropia e k-NEO. De uma pré-análise, os parâmetros que mais se repetiram como possíveis sintomas foram Valor RMS, fator de crista e curtose, com 15, 14 e 10 ocorrências respectivamente. Os melhores resultados observados foram utilizando evolução diferencial em conjunto com WkNN, que resultou numa precisão de aproximadamente 84%. The technological development of electronics, linked to growth of scientific knowledge on the causes of human diseases in the late twentieth century, made it possible to develop new equipment and diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in Medicine. An artificial intelligence system must be able to stock knowledge, applied this knowledge and acquire new knowledge through experience. The physics spend a large time in neurological exams analysis and most of all are not an anomaly. To assist the specialist, we want to develop a program, based on artificial intelligence, capable of separating the brain signals into signs with and without anomalies. Electroencephalogram signs are used in this work because of the great need for programs to aid in their diagnosis. To do this, an available database of Bern-Barcelona are used, which consists of signs with and without the presence of ictal (signal event caused by an epileptic seizure). For the evaluation of the developed processes, we used the metrics of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive values, negative predictive values and Mathew correlation coefficient. We used six classification procedures (kNN, WkNN, LDA, QDA, PNN and MLP-BP) and two optimization algorithms (genetic algorithm and differential evolution) to test an application of these in the classification of focal and non-focal signals. For calculation of symptoms, statistical analysis such as a classical statistical analysis (RMS value and kurtosis, for example), Wavelet and Hilbert-Huang Transforms, analysis envelope and entropy and k-NEO calculations are used. From a pre-analysis, the parameter that most repeat as possible symptoms as RMS value, crest factor and kurtosis, with 15, 14 and 10 occurrences respectively. The best results observed is using WkNN, with differential evolution, which resulted in an accuracy of approximately 84%. Tese (Doutorado)

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    Authors: Bender de Sousa, Lucilene; Gabriel, Rosângela;

    How does our brain represent and organize words? Researchers believe in the existence of something like a word inventory in the brain, which they call mental lexicon. This structure is the center of most cognitive models of speech, listening, writing and reading, through which one can have access to word forms and meanings. This paper aims to provide a general view of what the mental lexicon is. Primarily, the concept of lexicon and how this denomination was born are presented. Similarities and differences between a conventional dictionary and the mental lexicon are discussed. Questions such as how many words people know and how research evaluates this number are addressed. Then, different models on lexical organization are presented, approaching the connectivity relations between lexical items. De que forma nosso cérebro representa e organiza as palavras que conhecemos? Os pesquisadores acreditam que exista no cérebro algo como um inventário de palavras chamado léxico mental. Esta estrutura cognitiva é o centro da maioria dos modelos cognitivos de fala, escuta, escrita e leitura, por meio dela temos acesso à forma das palavras e a seus significados. Este artigo busca fornecer uma visão geral do que seja o léxico mental. Primeiramente, apresentamos o conceito de léxico e como surgiu essa denominação. Discutimos as semelhanças e diferenças entre um dicionário convencional e o léxico mental. Tentamos responder quantas palavras sabemos em média e de que forma as pesquisas avaliam esse número. Em seguida, explicamos a organização lexical em diferentes modelos. Por fim, abordamos as relações de conectividade entre os itens lexicais.

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    Authors: Gomes, Maria Inês Ferreira;

    Mestrado em Bioética Master Degree Course in Bioethics Com este trabalho procuramos analisar a problemática das novas tecnologias no acesso ao conteúdo do cérebro, nomeadamente o uso dos potenciais evocados cognitivos (sobretudo o P300) sob a forma de Brain Fingerprinting, pondo à prova a fiabilidade do método e eventuais consequências éticas da sua aplicação. Abordaram-se conceitos como mente e seu conteúdo, no que se refere à comunicação e linguagem como forma de interacção social, sobretudo na capacidade de fazer uso da verdade ou da mentira, como escolha consciente e individual. Inerente à mentira abordou-se o conceito de emoção para compreender como funciona o tradicional polígrafo e de que forma o Brain Fingerprinting poderá trazer vantagens. A nível experimental avaliamos a utilização do P300 como "detector de culpa" em 20 indivíduos, tendo-se excluído 5, divididos num grupo controlo (n=8) e experimental (n=7 participantes num furto simulado), em duas experiências com estímulos visuais: experiência 1 com palavras e experiência 2 com imagens. Na análise visual individual verificou-se maior eficácia das imagens para a detecção correcta dos indivíduos (50% vs. 37,5% para os inocentes e 28,6% vs. 0% para os culpados). Nos culpados as palavras deram origem a uma percentagem elevada de falsos negativos (57,1% vs. 28,6% com imagens), salientando-se uma baixa taxa de falsos positivos em ambas as experiências. Na análise visual dos grupos as imagens parecem ser também mais eficazes na detecção correcta de ambos os perfis (culpados e inocentes), enquanto as palavras só identificam correctamente os inocentes. Da análise estatística intra e intergrupos obteve-se um "perfil inocente" em ambos os grupos, nas duas experiências. Neste estudo os nossos melhores resultados só identificaram correctamente 50% dos inocentes e 28,6% dos culpados (com imagens) o que se encontra muito longe dos 100% obtidos por Farwell e Smith (2001). Por fim, levamos a cabo uma discussão bioética debruçando-nos sobre a licitude deste tipo de metodologia, que promete aceder aos pensamentos, criando uma nova noção de dignidade, privacidade e autonomia. A discussão termina com a noção de responsabilização individual, abrangendo o direito inalienável à liberdade de acção e pensamento, inerente à espécie humana. With the present work we intend to approach the problem of the use of new technologies as a mean to gain access to mental events, such as the use of Brain Fingerprinting. We will test the reliability of such method and discuss its ethical implications. We will approach concepts such as the mind and its content, concerning communication and language as a social interaction tool, and the ability to tell the truth or lie as a conscious and individual choice. Concerning deception, we approach the concept of emotion in order to understand the functioning of the traditional Polygraph and the way in which the use of Brain Fingerprinting may be advantageous. We experimentally assessed the use of the P300 event related potential as a "guilt detector", relying on a sample of 20 subjects (15+5 excluded from the analysis), divided into control (n = 8) and experimental (n = 7 subjects who simulated a theft in a mock-crime scenario) groups. There were two experiments with visual stimuli: experiment 1 with words and experiment 2 with pictures. Visual analysis of individual records revealed greater accuracy on the use of images to correctly detect subjects (50% vs. 37,5% for innocents and 28,6% vs. 0% of correctly detected subjects for the guilty condition). For guilty subjects, words led to a high percentage of false negatives (57,1% vs. 28,6 for pictures). A low percentage of false alarms were observed for both experiences. From the visual analysis of groups we are led to conclude that pictures seem to be once again more effective on the detection of both profiles (guilty and innocent), while words are only effective for the detection of innocent subjects. Statistical analysis did not discriminate between profiles, as we obtained constant "innocent" results for both experiments and groups. On the present study the best results we achieved were a 50% rate of identification for innocents and 28,6% for guilty subjects (with pictures). This contrasts with the rate of 100% obtained by Farwell and Smith (2001). Finally, we entail on a bioethical discussion concerning the acceptability of this kind of methodology, which promises access to thoughts, thus creating a new notion of dignity, privacy and autonomy. The discussion ends with the notion of individual responsibility, embracing the inalienable right to freedom of action and thought, inherent to the human species.

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  • Authors: Otoni, Julliano da Silva;

    Submitted by Julliano da Silva Otoni (julliano.otoni@unesp.br) on 2019-06-26T16:20:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao.pdf: 3682832 bytes, checksum: c265fbf821bd71a2807d7e3e9edd1bbb (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2019-06-27T12:59:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 otoni_js_me_bot.pdf: 3682832 bytes, checksum: c265fbf821bd71a2807d7e3e9edd1bbb (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-06-27T12:59:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 otoni_js_me_bot.pdf: 3682832 bytes, checksum: c265fbf821bd71a2807d7e3e9edd1bbb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-04-30 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir um dispositivo coletor de biopotenciais por EEG de baixo custo. Como características o protótipo apresentou alta imunidade a ruído, faixa de frequência de trabalho e tensão, seguindo as especificações necessárias para a coleta dos sinais EEG. O circuito eletrônico e o roteamento foram desenvolvidos no software Eagle R e então a placa foi construída pelo método fotográfico com posterior corrosão por percloreto de ferro e solda-gem manual dos componentes. O circuito montado é composto por: amplificadores diferenciais configurados com um ganho na ordem de 169,66, filtros de frequência intercalados e um mi-crocontrolador ESP32@ que munido de conversor analógico-digital foi configurado para uma amostragem de 356 amostras por segundo e resolução de 12 bits, o que possibilitou leituras com passos de 2,198x10-4 V. Os filtros foram projetados para atuar na redução de ruidos contidos na faixa de 50 a 60Hz. O funcionamento do dispositivo móvel microcontrolado teve seu funciona-mento comprovado através do método de detecção de ondas alfa, ondas estas que alteram suas intensidade quando nos encontramos concentrados com os olhos abertos ou fechados. A captura de ondas alfa compreendidas entre 8 a 13 Hz foi validada nas seguintes condições: 1 minuto com os olhos fechados (alta atividade) e 1 minuto com os olhos abertos (baixa atividade). O dispositivo produzido mostrou-se promissor como uma alternativa de baixo custo e com simpli-cidade de produção, quando comparado aos modelos disponíveis no mercado para captura de sinais EEG. The objective of this work was to produce a low cost EEG biopotential collecting device. As characteristics the prototype presented high immunity to noise, working frequency range and voltage, following the specifications required for the collection of EEG signals. Electronic circuit and routing were developed in the Eagle R software and the plate was then constructed by the photographic method with subsequent iron perchloride corrosion and manual soldering of the components. The assembled circuit consists of: differential amplifiers configured with a gain of the order of 169.66, frequency filters interleaved and an ESP32 @ microcontroller which has an analog-to-digital converter configured for a sampling of 356 samples per second and resolution of 12 bits, which allowed for readings with steps of 2.198x10-4 V. The filters were designed to act in the reduction of noise contained in the range of 50 to 60Hz. The operation of the microcontrolled mobile device has proven its function through the method of detecting alpha waves, waves that change their intensity when we are concentrated with the eyes open or closed. The capture of alpha waves between 8 and 13 Hz was validated under the following conditions: 1 minute with eyes closed (high activity) and 1 minute with eyes open (low activity). The device produced was promising as a low-cost, simplified production alternative when compared to models available on the market for EEG signal capture. 458810/2013-4

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