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  • Neuroinformatics
  • 2018-2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Martelet, Yann;

    Un modèle de prédiction du bruit de jet de mélange est développé dans l'objectif d'obtenir une estimation précise des effets de l'installation du moteur sur l'aile tout en maintenant un temps de calcul faible. Le modèle de prédiction de Tam et Auriault est utilisé comme point de départ. L'écoulement est simplifié en assimilant le jet à un milieu uniforme connecté au milieu ambiant, lui aussi uniforme, par une couche de mélange infiniment mince. La propagation des ondes sonore depuis le jet jusqu'à un observateur situé en champ lointain est ici simulée grâce à l'acoustique géométrique, utilisée dans ce milieu homogène par morceau. Le nouveau modèle est nommé TAGA pour Tam Auriault - Geometrical Acoustics.Le modèle TAGA est d'abord appliqué sur un cas académique, un jet simple sans gradient de température, placé à proximité d'une plaque plane. Le bruit de jet est prédit sur toute la gamme d'azimut, à un plan axial coïncidant avec la sortie de la tuyère. Moyennant une correction sur le niveau absolu, les résultats obtenus pour les microphones situés sous la plaque correspondent aux données expérimentales. Pour des observateurs positionnés au dessus de la plaque, les prédictions sont proches des mesures pour la gamme de fréquence correspondant au maximum du spectre. L'effet de masquage de la plaque est surestimé pour les plus hautes fréquences. Les résultats avec TAGA sont ensuite présentés d'une manière différente. La différence entre les spectres installés et isolés est ajoutée au spectre isolé mesuré. Cette méthode de mise à l'échelle permet d'obtenir une forme de spectre plus fidèle aux mesures. Un écart maximal, entre les prédictions et les données expérimentales, de 1 dB pour toutes les fréquences au-dessus de 1 kHz est obtenu. L'étude permet aussi la compréhension d'un pic secondaire observé dans les mesures. Ce phénomène est effectivement expliqué par l'interférence entre des rayons réfractés et réfléchis. Une seconde étude est menée sur un jet coaxial. Le cône de silence dû aux effets de réfraction est observé à une valeur proche de sa position théorique. Malgré les différences entre l'écoulement réel et sa modélisation dans TAGA, des résultats encourageants sont observés pour une large partie de la plage d'angles polaires. La méthode de mise à l'échelle est aussi utilisée pour la prédiction des effets de chevrons. L'augmentation du bruit à haute fréquence est bien estimée par le modèle TAGA. La réduction à basse fréquence n'est pas obtenue avec la formulation actuelle du modèle. A jet mixing noise prediction model is developed with the objective of obtaining an accurate estimate of installation effects while maintaining a low computing time. The Tam and Auriault prediction model is used as a starting point for the source term of the new formulation. The base flow is simplified by modelling the jet as a uniform medium connected to a uniform external medium through an infinitely thin mixing layer. The propagation of sound waves from the jet to an observer located in the far field is here simulated using geometrical acoustics. The new model developed is called TAGA for Tam Auriault - Geometrical Acoustics.The TAGA model is first applied to an academic configuration, a single jet without temperature gradient placed near a flat plate. Jet noise is predicted over the entire azimuth range, at an axial plane coinciding with the nozzle outlet. With an absolute level correction, the results obtained for the microphones under the plate match the experimental data. For observer positions above the plate, the predictions are close to measurements for the frequency range corresponding to the maximum of the spectrum. The shielding effect of the plate is however overestimated for the highest frequencies. The TAGA results are then reported in a different way. The difference between the installed and isolated spectra is added to the measured isolated spectrum. This scaling method allows a more accurate spectrum shape to be obtained. A maximum deviation, between predictions and experimental data, of 1 dB for all frequencies above 1 kHz is then obtained. The study also allows to understand a secondary peak observed in the measurements. This phenomenon is indeed explained by the interference between refracted and reflected rays. A second study is conducted on a coaxial jet. The cone of silence due to refraction effects is observed at a value close to its theoretical position. Despite the differences between the jet flow and its modelling in TAGA, encouraging results are observed for a large part of the polar angle range. The scaling method is also used to predict chevrons effects. The increase in high frequency noise is well estimated by the TAGA model. The reduction at low frequency is not found by the current formulation of the model.

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  • Authors: Dedessus-Le-Moustier, Nathalie, Dedessus-Le Moustier; Hablot, Cécile;

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  • Authors: O'Connor, Ian; Cantan, Mayeul; Mozzone, Luca; Marchand, Cédric; +2 Authors
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    Authors: Grazioplene, Rachael; Tseng, Wan-Ling; Cimino, Kimberly; Kalvin, Carla; +3 Authors

    Childhood aggression has been linked to white matter abnormalities, but research has been inconsistent with regard to both regions of alterations and directionality of the associations. We examined white matter microstructure correlates of aggression using a novel diffusion imaging analysis technique, fixel-based analysis, which leverages connectivity and crossing-fiber information to assess fiber bundle density.The sample included 70 children with aggressive behavior and 25 healthy control children without aggressive behavior. Aggression was measured by the parent-rated Aggressive Behavior scale of the Child Behavior Checklist. Fixel-based analysis was conducted at the whole-brain and region-of-interest levels, including the uncinate fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, fornix, cingulum bundle, and genu, body, isthmus, and splenium of the corpus callosum.Whole-brain analysis of covariance revealed that children with aggressive behavior, relative to control children, had lower fiber density in a cluster of limbic and cortical pathways, including the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, fornix, middle cerebellar peduncle, and superior thalamic radiations (familywise error-corrected p .01), and had higher fiber density in the corpus callosum (body and splenium) (familywise error-corrected p .05). Region-of-interest analyses showed decreased fiber density in cingulum bundles associated with aggression. These effects were independent of age, sex, IQ, symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, medications, and head motion. In children with aggressive behavior, co-occurring callous-unemotional traits and anxiety did not moderate the association between aggression and white matter density.Diminished white matter density in pathways connecting limbic and cortical regions is associated with childhood aggression. Abnormal interhemispheric connectivity via corpus callosum may also reflect a potential neural mechanism involved in aggression.

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    Europe PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Europe PubMed Centra...arrow_drop_down
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      Europe PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2020
      Data sources: PubMed Central
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kriouile, Saad;

    Au courant de la dernière décennie, le nombre de machines connectées aux réseaux sans fils, a connu une croissance exponentielle à cause de l’apparition de l’Internet des Objets. Ainsi, le réseau sans fils 5G, est apparu pour accompagner cette grande évolution technologique. Parmi les exigences de la 5G est d’optimiser certaines métriques qui permettent une communication fiable et fluide, à savoir la latence des paquets et l’âge de l’information. Dans ce cadre, un problème majeur consiste à savoir comment partager les ressources disponibles entre le nombre massif des utilisateurs dans le réseau de telle façon à optimiser ces métriques en question. Pour répondre à cette problématique, nous étudions dans cette thèse le problème d’allocation des canaux où le nombre d’utilisateurs dans le système est supérieur à celui des canaux. Notre but est de trouver une solution qui permet d’allouer les canaux disponibles à un sousensemble d’utilisateurs à chaque instant, de manière à minimiser l’espérance de la moyenne à long terme du temps d’attente des paquets avant la transmission ou bien l’espérance de la moyenne à long terme de l’âge de l’information. Puisque le problème étudié entre dans le cadre des problèmes de Restless bandits, la solution optimale est hors de portée. Néanmoins, pour contourner cette difficulté, nous adoptons une approche basée sur les indices de Whittle pour obtenir une méthode d’allocation appelée "Whittle Index Policy" (WIP) qui qui est très performante avec une complexité faible, surtout lorsque le nombre d’utilisateurs et des canaux est suffisamment grand. Dans cette mesure, nous expliquons en détail, au chapitre 2, l’approche pour obtenir les indices de Whittle. Ensuite, nous étudions au chapitre 3 le problème d’allocation des canaux dans un système de files d’attente avec pour objectif de minimiser le temps d’attente des paquets dans les files. Nous adoptons une méthode basée sur la Relaxation Lagrangienne et nous démontrons que la solution optimale de l’équation de Bellman du problème dual est de type solution à seuils (threshold-based solution). Ensuite, nous prouvons que ce problème est indexable trouvons par la suite l’expression des indices de Whittle, en distinguant si la taille maximale des files est finie ou infinie. Puis, nous prouvons par une démonstration mathématique rigoureuse que notre solution est effectivement optimale dans le cas où le nombre d’utilisateurs est infiniment grand. Enfin, nous donnons des résultats numériques qui mettent en évidence la bonne performance de notre solution proposée et qui confirment nos résultats théoriques. Dans le chapitre 4, nous examinons le problème d’allocation des canaux dans un réseau sans fil avec pour objectif de minimiser l’âge de l’information moyen. Comme le problème étudié dans le chapitre 3 et de façon similaire, trouver une solution optimale n’est pas évident. De ce fait, nous adoptons également l’approche basée sur les indices de Whittle pour développer une politique d’allocation simple et performante. Notre principale contribution dans ce chapitre consiste d’une part à donner des résultats rigoureux sur l’optimalité asymptotique de la politique de Whittle (WIP) dans un régime où le nombre d’utilisateurs et des canaux tend vers l’infini. En effet, nous présentons une nouvelle approche mathématique pour établir l’optimalité lorsque l’âge de l’information n’est pas borné par une certaine valeur. Cette nouvelle approche est basée sur des techniques complexes (critères de Cauchy, etc.), et contrairement aux travaux précédents, la démonstration n’exige aucune hypothèse simplificatrice sur le système considéré. Finalement, nous présentons des résultats numériques qui montrent l’optimalité de la politique de Whittle et qui confirment nos résultats théoriques. In this thesis, we investigate a general channel allocation problem where the number of channels is less than that of users. The aim is to find a policy that schedules the channels to a given subset of users at each time slot in such a way to minimize two different objectives functions namely, the long-run expected average queuing delay (chapter 3) and the long-run expected average age of information (Chapter 4). We show that our problems fall in the framework of Restless Bandit Problems (RBP), for which obtaining the optimal solution is known to be out of reach. To circumvent this difficulty, we tackle the problem by adopting a Whittle index approach. In Chapter 2, we explain the Lagrangian relaxation, the steady-state and discounted cost approaches used to obtain the expressions of Whittle indices. The structure of each subproblem’s optimal solution is provided in chapter 3 and 4 depending on the system models and the considered metrics (queue length or Age of Information). In Chapter 3, the objective of the scheduling problem is to minimize the total average backlog queues of the network in question. We apply the Lagrangian relaxation approach detailed in Chapter 2 for the present model, and we prove that the optimal solution of the one-dimensional problem is of type threshold policy. After that, we establish that the aforementioned problem is indexable. Armed with that, we apply the discounted cost approach when the queue size is infinite and the steady-state approach when the queue size is tight to obtain the Whittle indices expressions. We then provide rigorous mathematical proof that our policy is optimal in the infinitely many users regime. Finally, we provide numerical results that showcase the remarkable good performance of our proposed policy and that corroborate the theoretical findings. In Chapter 4, we examine the average age minimization problem where users transmit over unreliable channels. Similarly to the problem studied in Chapter 3, finding the optimal scheduling scheme is known to be challenging. Accordingly, we adopt the Whittle index approach to derive the Whittle indices. Our main contribution is to provide rigorous results on the asymptotic optimality of Whittle Index Policy (WIP) in the many-users regime when the state space of the age of information is finite. However, when the state space of the Age of Information is infinite, we provide a new mathematical approach to establish the optimality of WIP for specific network settings. This novel approach is based on intricate techniques, and unlike previous works in the literature, it is free of any mathematical assumptions. Finally, we lay out numerical results that corroborate our theoretical findings and demonstrate the policy’s notable performance in the many-users regime.

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    Other literature type . 2021
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  • Authors: Charpiot, Anne; Vuong-Chaney, Hella; Fath, Léa; Rohmer, Dominique; +3 Authors
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    Authors: Sun, Wei-Tsun; Cassé, Hugues; Rochange, Christine; Rihani, Hamza; +1 Authors

    International audience; Verifying the temporal properties of critical systems embedded in vehicles, like planes or cars, is crucial to avoid catastrophic issues. A key component of this verification is the Worst Case Execution Time (WCET) of the programs composing these systems. A common and sound approach to compute WCET is based on static analysis of the programs that requires, in turn, to precisely model the behavior and the timings of the hardware. Processor-specific features such as pipelines, caches, and buffers influence the hardware performances significantly. Hence taking processor features into account when estimating WCET is essential. Modeling the processor's features formally to ensure safe and accurate estimation is then a must. In this paper, we present the methodology applied to capture the behavior of prefetch and write buffers of the Kalray Bostan MPPA microprocessor, and to incorporate the established models with the Execution Graph (XG) to obtain WCET estimation. These analyses are then applied to the Mälardalen benchmark suite and the experimentation results validate the feasibility of our approach.

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    Authors: Velaora, Maria;

    Les réalités numériques, telles que la réalité virtuelle (RV) ou augmentée (RA) peuvent compléter les méthodestraditionnelles d’apprentissage de la conception architecturale. Les possibilités de mixité entre l’environnementréel et virtuel, rendues possibles par la RA, favoriseraient l’appropriation des relations entre l’architecture et sonmilieu. La RV permettrait de confronter l’étudiant à différentes situations. La thèse vise à contribuer aux usagespossibles d’environnements virtuels interactifs de réalités numériques à partir desquels pourraient émerger denouvelles méthodes pédagogiques d’enseignement de l’architecture. Les transformations des méthodespédagogiques liées aux technologies numériques échappent totalement à l’enseignement de l’architecture, quireste fortement ancrée dans la tradition. La méthode de recherche que nous avons développée a consisté à menerdes enquêtes auprès d’étudiants. Nous avons développé des applications numériques et nous les avonsexpérimentés au sein des ateliers de projets. Enfin, nous avons synthétisé ces expériences afin d’identifier lespossibilités et les limites de l’usage des réalités numériques et des environnements virtuels immersifs dansl’enseignement de l’architecture. Digital realities, such as virtual (VR) or augmented reality (AR), can complement traditional methods of learningarchitectural design. The possibilities of mixing the real and the virtual environment, made possible by AR, wouldpromote the appropriation of the relationships between architecture and its surroundings. VR would make itpossible to confront the architectural student with different situations. The thesis aims to contribute possible usesof interactive virtual environments on which new educational methods of teaching architecture can emerge. Thetransformations in teaching methods related to Digital Technologies completely escape the teaching ofarchitecture, which remains firmly rooted in tradition. The research method that we developed consisted ofcarrying out surveys among architectural students. Furthermore, we have developed digital applications and testedthem in design studios. Finally, we have synthesized these experiences to identify the possibilities and limits ofdigital realities and virtual immersive environments used in the teaching of architecture.

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  • Authors: Chelini-Pont, Blandine;

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  • Authors: Roger, Amélie;

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    Authors: Martelet, Yann;

    Un modèle de prédiction du bruit de jet de mélange est développé dans l'objectif d'obtenir une estimation précise des effets de l'installation du moteur sur l'aile tout en maintenant un temps de calcul faible. Le modèle de prédiction de Tam et Auriault est utilisé comme point de départ. L'écoulement est simplifié en assimilant le jet à un milieu uniforme connecté au milieu ambiant, lui aussi uniforme, par une couche de mélange infiniment mince. La propagation des ondes sonore depuis le jet jusqu'à un observateur situé en champ lointain est ici simulée grâce à l'acoustique géométrique, utilisée dans ce milieu homogène par morceau. Le nouveau modèle est nommé TAGA pour Tam Auriault - Geometrical Acoustics.Le modèle TAGA est d'abord appliqué sur un cas académique, un jet simple sans gradient de température, placé à proximité d'une plaque plane. Le bruit de jet est prédit sur toute la gamme d'azimut, à un plan axial coïncidant avec la sortie de la tuyère. Moyennant une correction sur le niveau absolu, les résultats obtenus pour les microphones situés sous la plaque correspondent aux données expérimentales. Pour des observateurs positionnés au dessus de la plaque, les prédictions sont proches des mesures pour la gamme de fréquence correspondant au maximum du spectre. L'effet de masquage de la plaque est surestimé pour les plus hautes fréquences. Les résultats avec TAGA sont ensuite présentés d'une manière différente. La différence entre les spectres installés et isolés est ajoutée au spectre isolé mesuré. Cette méthode de mise à l'échelle permet d'obtenir une forme de spectre plus fidèle aux mesures. Un écart maximal, entre les prédictions et les données expérimentales, de 1 dB pour toutes les fréquences au-dessus de 1 kHz est obtenu. L'étude permet aussi la compréhension d'un pic secondaire observé dans les mesures. Ce phénomène est effectivement expliqué par l'interférence entre des rayons réfractés et réfléchis. Une seconde étude est menée sur un jet coaxial. Le cône de silence dû aux effets de réfraction est observé à une valeur proche de sa position théorique. Malgré les différences entre l'écoulement réel et sa modélisation dans TAGA, des résultats encourageants sont observés pour une large partie de la plage d'angles polaires. La méthode de mise à l'échelle est aussi utilisée pour la prédiction des effets de chevrons. L'augmentation du bruit à haute fréquence est bien estimée par le modèle TAGA. La réduction à basse fréquence n'est pas obtenue avec la formulation actuelle du modèle. A jet mixing noise prediction model is developed with the objective of obtaining an accurate estimate of installation effects while maintaining a low computing time. The Tam and Auriault prediction model is used as a starting point for the source term of the new formulation. The base flow is simplified by modelling the jet as a uniform medium connected to a uniform external medium through an infinitely thin mixing layer. The propagation of sound waves from the jet to an observer located in the far field is here simulated using geometrical acoustics. The new model developed is called TAGA for Tam Auriault - Geometrical Acoustics.The TAGA model is first applied to an academic configuration, a single jet without temperature gradient placed near a flat plate. Jet noise is predicted over the entire azimuth range, at an axial plane coinciding with the nozzle outlet. With an absolute level correction, the results obtained for the microphones under the plate match the experimental data. For observer positions above the plate, the predictions are close to measurements for the frequency range corresponding to the maximum of the spectrum. The shielding effect of the plate is however overestimated for the highest frequencies. The TAGA results are then reported in a different way. The difference between the installed and isolated spectra is added to the measured isolated spectrum. This scaling method allows a more accurate spectrum shape to be obtained. A maximum deviation, between predictions and experimental data, of 1 dB for all frequencies above 1 kHz is then obtained. The study also allows to understand a secondary peak observed in the measurements. This phenomenon is indeed explained by the interference between refracted and reflected rays. A second study is conducted on a coaxial jet. The cone of silence due to refraction effects is observed at a value close to its theoretical position. Despite the differences between the jet flow and its modelling in TAGA, encouraging results are observed for a large part of the polar angle range. The scaling method is also used to predict chevrons effects. The increase in high frequency noise is well estimated by the TAGA model. The reduction at low frequency is not found by the current formulation of the model.

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  • Authors: Dedessus-Le-Moustier, Nathalie, Dedessus-Le Moustier; Hablot, Cécile;

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  • Authors: O'Connor, Ian; Cantan, Mayeul; Mozzone, Luca; Marchand, Cédric; +2 Authors
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    Authors: Grazioplene, Rachael; Tseng, Wan-Ling; Cimino, Kimberly; Kalvin, Carla; +3 Authors

    Childhood aggression has been linked to white matter abnormalities, but research has been inconsistent with regard to both regions of alterations and directionality of the associations. We examined white matter microstructure correlates of aggression using a novel diffusion imaging analysis technique, fixel-based analysis, which leverages connectivity and crossing-fiber information to assess fiber bundle density.The sample included 70 children with aggressive behavior and 25 healthy control children without aggressive behavior. Aggression was measured by the parent-rated Aggressive Behavior scale of the Child Behavior Checklist. Fixel-based analysis was conducted at the whole-brain and region-of-interest levels, including the uncinate fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, fornix, cingulum bundle, and genu, body, isthmus, and splenium of the corpus callosum.Whole-brain analysis of covariance revealed that children with aggressive behavior, relative to control children, had lower fiber density in a cluster of limbic and cortical pathways, including the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, fornix, middle cerebellar peduncle, and superior thalamic radiations (familywise error-corrected p .01), and had higher fiber density in the corpus callosum (body and splenium) (familywise error-corrected p .05). Region-of-interest analyses showed decreased fiber density in cingulum bundles associated with aggression. These effects were independent of age, sex, IQ, symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, medications, and head motion. In children with aggressive behavior, co-occurring callous-unemotional traits and anxiety did not moderate the association between aggression and white matter density.Diminished white matter density in pathways connecting limbic and cortical regions is associated with childhood aggression. Abnormal interhemispheric connectivity via corpus callosum may also reflect a potential neural mechanism involved in aggression.

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    Europe PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2020
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      Europe PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2020
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    Authors: Kriouile, Saad;

    Au courant de la dernière décennie, le nombre de machines connectées aux réseaux sans fils, a connu une croissance exponentielle à cause de l’apparition de l’Internet des Objets. Ainsi, le réseau sans fils 5G, est apparu pour accompagner cette grande évolution technologique. Parmi les exigences de la 5G est d’optimiser certaines métriques qui permettent une communication fiable et fluide, à savoir la latence des paquets et l’âge de l’information. Dans ce cadre, un problème majeur consiste à savoir comment partager les ressources disponibles entre le nombre massif des utilisateurs dans le réseau de telle façon à optimiser ces métriques en question. Pour répondre à cette problématique, nous étudions dans cette thèse le problème d’allocation des canaux où le nombre d’utilisateurs dans le système est supérieur à celui des canaux. Notre but est de trouver une solution qui permet d’allouer les canaux disponibles à un sousensemble d’utilisateurs à chaque instant, de manière à minimiser l’espérance de la moyenne à long terme du temps d’attente des paquets avant la transmission ou bien l’espérance de la moyenne à long terme de l’âge de l’information. Puisque le problème étudié entre dans le cadre des problèmes de Restless bandits, la solution optimale est hors de portée. Néanmoins, pour contourner cette difficulté, nous adoptons une approche basée sur les indices de Whittle pour obtenir une méthode d’allocation appelée "Whittle Index Policy" (WIP) qui qui est très performante avec une complexité faible, surtout lorsque le nombre d’utilisateurs et des canaux est suffisamment grand. Dans cette mesure, nous expliquons en détail, au chapitre 2, l’approche pour obtenir les indices de Whittle. Ensuite, nous étudions au chapitre 3 le problème d’allocation des canaux dans un système de files d’attente avec pour objectif de minimiser le temps d’attente des paquets dans les files. Nous adoptons une méthode basée sur la Relaxation Lagrangienne et nous démontrons que la solution optimale de l’équation de Bellman du problème dual est de type solution à seuils (threshold-based solution). Ensuite, nous prouvons que ce problème est indexable trouvons par la suite l’expression des indices de Whittle, en distinguant si la taille maximale des files est finie ou infinie. Puis, nous prouvons par une démonstration mathématique rigoureuse que notre solution est effectivement optimale dans le cas où le nombre d’utilisateurs est infiniment grand. Enfin, nous donnons des résultats numériques qui mettent en évidence la bonne performance de notre solution proposée et qui confirment nos résultats théoriques. Dans le chapitre 4, nous examinons le problème d’allocation des canaux dans un réseau sans fil avec pour objectif de minimiser l’âge de l’information moyen. Comme le problème étudié dans le chapitre 3 et de façon similaire, trouver une solution optimale n’est pas évident. De ce fait, nous adoptons également l’approche basée sur les indices de Whittle pour développer une politique d’allocation simple et performante. Notre principale contribution dans ce chapitre consiste d’une part à donner des résultats rigoureux sur l’optimalité asymptotique de la politique de Whittle (WIP) dans un régime où le nombre d’utilisateurs et des canaux tend vers l’infini. En effet, nous présentons une nouvelle approche mathématique pour établir l’optimalité lorsque l’âge de l’information n’est pas borné par une certaine valeur. Cette nouvelle approche est basée sur des techniques complexes (critères de Cauchy, etc.), et contrairement aux travaux précédents, la démonstration n’exige aucune hypothèse simplificatrice sur le système considéré. Finalement, nous présentons des résultats numériques qui montrent l’optimalité de la politique de Whittle et qui confirment nos résultats théoriques. In this thesis, we investigate a general channel allocation problem where the number of channels is less than that of users. The aim is to find a policy that schedules the channels to a given subset of users at each time slot in such a way to minimize two different objectives functions namely, the long-run expected average queuing delay (chapter 3) and the long-run expected average age of information (Chapter 4). We show that our problems fall in the framework of Restless Bandit Problems (RBP), for which obtaining the optimal solution is known to be out of reach. To circumvent this difficulty, we tackle the problem by adopting a Whittle index approach. In Chapter 2, we explain the Lagrangian relaxation, the steady-state and discounted cost approaches used to obtain the expressions of Whittle indices. The structure of each subproblem’s optimal solution is provided in chapter 3 and 4 depending on the system models and the considered metrics (queue length or Age of Information). In Chapter 3, the objective of the scheduling problem is to minimize the total average backlog queues of the network in question. We apply the Lagrangian relaxation approach detailed in Chapter 2 for the present model, and we prove that the optimal solution of the one-dimensional problem is of type threshold policy. After that, we establish that the aforementioned problem is indexable. Armed with that, we apply the discounted cost approach when the queue size is infinite and the steady-state approach when the queue size is tight to obtain the Whittle indices expressions. We then provide rigorous mathematical proof that our policy is optimal in the infinitely many users regime. Finally, we provide numerical results that showcase the remarkable good performance of our proposed policy and that corroborate the theoretical findings. In Chapter 4, we examine the average age minimization problem where users transmit over unreliable channels. Similarly to the problem studied in Chapter 3, finding the optimal scheduling scheme is known to be challenging. Accordingly, we adopt the Whittle index approach to derive the Whittle indices. Our main contribution is to provide rigorous results on the asymptotic optimality of Whittle Index Policy (WIP) in the many-users regime when the state space of the age of information is finite. However, when the state space of the Age of Information is infinite, we provide a new mathematical approach to establish the optimality of WIP for specific network settings. This novel approach is based on intricate techniques, and unlike previous works in the literature, it is free of any mathematical assumptions. Finally, we lay out numerical results that corroborate our theoretical findings and demonstrate the policy’s notable performance in the many-users regime.

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    Other literature type . 2021
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  • Authors: Charpiot, Anne; Vuong-Chaney, Hella; Fath, Léa; Rohmer, Dominique; +3 Authors
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    Authors: Sun, Wei-Tsun; Cassé, Hugues; Rochange, Christine; Rihani, Hamza; +1 Authors

    International audience; Verifying the temporal properties of critical systems embedded in vehicles, like planes or cars, is crucial to avoid catastrophic issues. A key component of this verification is the Worst Case Execution Time (WCET) of the programs composing these systems. A common and sound approach to compute WCET is based on static analysis of the programs that requires, in turn, to precisely model the behavior and the timings of the hardware. Processor-specific features such as pipelines, caches, and buffers influence the hardware performances significantly. Hence taking processor features into account when estimating WCET is essential. Modeling the processor's features formally to ensure safe and accurate estimation is then a must. In this paper, we present the methodology applied to capture the behavior of prefetch and write buffers of the Kalray Bostan MPPA microprocessor, and to incorporate the established models with the Execution Graph (XG) to obtain WCET estimation. These analyses are then applied to the Mälardalen benchmark suite and the experimentation results validate the feasibility of our approach.

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    Authors: Velaora, Maria;

    Les réalités numériques, telles que la réalité virtuelle (RV) ou augmentée (RA) peuvent compléter les méthodestraditionnelles d’apprentissage de la conception architecturale. Les possibilités de mixité entre l’environnementréel et virtuel, rendues possibles par la RA, favoriseraient l’appropriation des relations entre l’architecture et sonmilieu. La RV permettrait de confronter l’étudiant à différentes situations. La thèse vise à contribuer aux usagespossibles d’environnements virtuels interactifs de réalités numériques à partir desquels pourraient émerger denouvelles méthodes pédagogiques d’enseignement de l’architecture. Les transformations des méthodespédagogiques liées aux technologies numériques échappent totalement à l’enseignement de l’architecture, quireste fortement ancrée dans la tradition. La méthode de recherche que nous avons développée a consisté à menerdes enquêtes auprès d’étudiants. Nous avons développé des applications numériques et nous les avonsexpérimentés au sein des ateliers de projets. Enfin, nous avons synthétisé ces expériences afin d’identifier lespossibilités et les limites de l’usage des réalités numériques et des environnements virtuels immersifs dansl’enseignement de l’architecture. Digital realities, such as virtual (VR) or augmented reality (AR), can complement traditional methods of learningarchitectural design. The possibilities of mixing the real and the virtual environment, made possible by AR, wouldpromote the appropriation of the relationships between architecture and its surroundings. VR would make itpossible to confront the architectural student with different situations. The thesis aims to contribute possible usesof interactive virtual environments on which new educational methods of teaching architecture can emerge. Thetransformations in teaching methods related to Digital Technologies completely escape the teaching ofarchitecture, which remains firmly rooted in tradition. The research method that we developed consisted ofcarrying out surveys among architectural students. Furthermore, we have developed digital applications and testedthem in design studios. Finally, we have synthesized these experiences to identify the possibilities and limits ofdigital realities and virtual immersive environments used in the teaching of architecture.

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  • Authors: Chelini-Pont, Blandine;

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  • Authors: Roger, Amélie;

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